Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of smoking on the incidence of macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We analyzed 35,804 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2004 and 2017 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Health Screening Cohort (2002–2019). Smoking status was categorized into never, former, and current smoking, with further classification based on duration of smoking and daily smoking amount. We conducted survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Both former and current smokers had significantly elevated risks of macrovascular complications compared to non-smokers, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49–1.66) and 1.10 (95% CI, 1.08–1.17), respectively. Long-term smokers (over 30 years) had significantly higher risks of both macrovascular (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.29–1.42) and microvascular complications (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.30–1.42). Heavy smokers (over 2 packs/day) more frequently developed macrovascular (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.30–1.64) and microvascular (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.60–1.98) complications than never smokers. Notably, former smokers had increased risks of developing neuropathy (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.31–1.49), nephropathy (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.16–1.39), and retinopathy (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.39–1.60). Conclusion Patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of smoking are at higher risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications. Smoking cessation, along with reducing smoking duration and amount, is crucial for lowering these risks.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of smoking on the incidence of macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We analyzed 35,804 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2004 and 2017 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Health Screening Cohort (2002–2019). Smoking status was categorized into never, former, and current smoking, with further classification based on duration of smoking and daily smoking amount. We conducted survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Both former and current smokers had significantly elevated risks of macrovascular complications compared to non-smokers, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49–1.66) and 1.10 (95% CI, 1.08–1.17), respectively. Long-term smokers (over 30 years) had significantly higher risks of both macrovascular (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.29–1.42) and microvascular complications (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.30–1.42). Heavy smokers (over 2 packs/day) more frequently developed macrovascular (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.30–1.64) and microvascular (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.60–1.98) complications than never smokers. Notably, former smokers had increased risks of developing neuropathy (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.31–1.49), nephropathy (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.16–1.39), and retinopathy (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.39–1.60). Conclusion Patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of smoking are at higher risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications. Smoking cessation, along with reducing smoking duration and amount, is crucial for lowering these risks.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of smoking on the incidence of macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We analyzed 35,804 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2004 and 2017 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Health Screening Cohort (2002–2019). Smoking status was categorized into never, former, and current smoking, with further classification based on duration of smoking and daily smoking amount. We conducted survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Both former and current smokers had significantly elevated risks of macrovascular complications compared to non-smokers, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49–1.66) and 1.10 (95% CI, 1.08–1.17), respectively. Long-term smokers (over 30 years) had significantly higher risks of both macrovascular (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.29–1.42) and microvascular complications (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.30–1.42). Heavy smokers (over 2 packs/day) more frequently developed macrovascular (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.30–1.64) and microvascular (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.60–1.98) complications than never smokers. Notably, former smokers had increased risks of developing neuropathy (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.31–1.49), nephropathy (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.16–1.39), and retinopathy (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.39–1.60). Conclusion Patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of smoking are at higher risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications. Smoking cessation, along with reducing smoking duration and amount, is crucial for lowering these risks.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of smoking on the incidence of macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We analyzed 35,804 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2004 and 2017 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Health Screening Cohort (2002–2019). Smoking status was categorized into never, former, and current smoking, with further classification based on duration of smoking and daily smoking amount. We conducted survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Both former and current smokers had significantly elevated risks of macrovascular complications compared to non-smokers, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49–1.66) and 1.10 (95% CI, 1.08–1.17), respectively. Long-term smokers (over 30 years) had significantly higher risks of both macrovascular (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.29–1.42) and microvascular complications (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.30–1.42). Heavy smokers (over 2 packs/day) more frequently developed macrovascular (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.30–1.64) and microvascular (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.60–1.98) complications than never smokers. Notably, former smokers had increased risks of developing neuropathy (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.31–1.49), nephropathy (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.16–1.39), and retinopathy (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.39–1.60). Conclusion Patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of smoking are at higher risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications. Smoking cessation, along with reducing smoking duration and amount, is crucial for lowering these risks.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the well-being of middle-aged non-shift female workers using health-determinant models. Methods: This study analyzed data from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), involving 5,449 participants. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the relationships between various factors and well-being. Results: The analysis identified key factors affecting well-being in middle-aged female non-shift workers, including supervisor support, presenteeism, satisfaction with the working environment, autonomy in working hours, support from coworkers, workplace discrimination, occupation, work-life balance, sleep problems, workplace size, weekly work hours, and sickness absence. This study confirms that the well-being of middle-aged non-shift female workers is influenced by factors at the individual, social, and community levels as well as by conditions related to love. Conclusion To enhance the well-being of middle-aged female non-shift workers, it is essential to reinforce positive factors such as support from coworkers and superiors. Additionally, addressing and mitigating negatively influencing factors such as workplace discrimination and sleep problems is crucial in promoting well-being. By implementing measures to improve these aspects, organizations and policymakers can contribute to a healthier and more supportive work environment for middle-aged, non-shift female workers.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the well-being of middle-aged non-shift female workers using health-determinant models. Methods: This study analyzed data from the fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), involving 5,449 participants. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the relationships between various factors and well-being. Results: The analysis identified key factors affecting well-being in middle-aged female non-shift workers, including supervisor support, presenteeism, satisfaction with the working environment, autonomy in working hours, support from coworkers, workplace discrimination, occupation, work-life balance, sleep problems, workplace size, weekly work hours, and sickness absence. This study confirms that the well-being of middle-aged non-shift female workers is influenced by factors at the individual, social, and community levels as well as by conditions related to love. Conclusion To enhance the well-being of middle-aged female non-shift workers, it is essential to reinforce positive factors such as support from coworkers and superiors. Additionally, addressing and mitigating negatively influencing factors such as workplace discrimination and sleep problems is crucial in promoting well-being. By implementing measures to improve these aspects, organizations and policymakers can contribute to a healthier and more supportive work environment for middle-aged, non-shift female workers.

Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence and factors associated with the consumption of sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) among adolescents and young adults in Cambodia. Methods: Utilizing a cross-sectional study design, data were collected through a survey administered to 1,271 participants. The survey focused on measuring SEIM consumption, sexual sensation seeking, perceived reality of SEIM, and sexual attitudes. Findings: The study revealed a SEIM prevalence of 27.2%, with notably higher rates among males (35.5%) than females (18.6%). Significant predictors of SEIM consumption included being male, having a father with a middle-level education, engaging in alcohol or substance consumption, spending more than five hours daily on electronic devices, having friends with sexual experience, frequent thoughts about sex, a heightened interest in sex compared to peers, perceiving SEIM as realistic, and maintaining a permissive attitude towards sex. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of implementing education programs to address SEIM consumption and its potential risk factors. Such initiatives are crucial for preventing the use of SEIM among Cambodian youth, promoting a healthier understanding of sexuality, and fostering responsible online behavior.

This study explored the meaning and essence of life experiences among community-dwelling frail older adults with diabetes. Methods: This study used Giorgi’s phenomenological methods to analyze in-depth interviews with 16 people who were diagnosed with diabetes and scored 3~5 on the Korean version of the fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illnesses, and loss of weight (FRAIL) Scale. Participants were recruited from a public health and a senior welfare center in OO province of South Korea. Results: The data analysis revealed four essential themes and 12 subthemes derived from the interview data. These themes provided valuable insights into the experiences of frail older people with diabetes and shed light on their perspectives and challenges. The four essential themes were as follows: A feeble body falling into a bottomless pit, a narrowed range of activity, enduring heavy emotional burden, and the prospect of being supported for life. Conclusion: This study revealed that community-dwelling frail older individuals with diabetes experience physical, psychological, and social frailty, exacerbating the need for aggressive diabetes management. These findings underscore the importance of providing holistic care to support this population in managing both diabetes and frailty.

Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence and factors associated with the consumption of sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) among adolescents and young adults in Cambodia. Methods: Utilizing a cross-sectional study design, data were collected through a survey administered to 1,271 participants. The survey focused on measuring SEIM consumption, sexual sensation seeking, perceived reality of SEIM, and sexual attitudes. Findings: The study revealed a SEIM prevalence of 27.2%, with notably higher rates among males (35.5%) than females (18.6%). Significant predictors of SEIM consumption included being male, having a father with a middle-level education, engaging in alcohol or substance consumption, spending more than five hours daily on electronic devices, having friends with sexual experience, frequent thoughts about sex, a heightened interest in sex compared to peers, perceiving SEIM as realistic, and maintaining a permissive attitude towards sex. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of implementing education programs to address SEIM consumption and its potential risk factors. Such initiatives are crucial for preventing the use of SEIM among Cambodian youth, promoting a healthier understanding of sexuality, and fostering responsible online behavior.