Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the femoral, acetabular, and combined anteversion of the hip joint in South Koreans using computed tomography (CT). Methods: We measured anteversion using CT venograms taken from 2016 to 2020. Of the total 1,073 patients, 952 patients were included in the study except for those with pelvic fractures, previous femoral fractures, childhood hip joint disease, osteoarthritis, or hip dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle, < 20), foreigners, and hip and knee replacement patients. Measurements were taken twice by two orthopedic surgeons. Results: The femoral anteversion in women was 10.64° ± 10.26° (≤ 49 years), 15.75° ± 9.40° (50–59 years), 10.81° ± 9.14° (60–69 years), 12.38° ± 8.55° (70–79 years), and 11.23° ± 8.44° (≥ 80 years). The femoral anteversion in men was 12.02° ± 11.38° (≤ 49 years), 10.62° ± 9.11° (50–59 years), 6.09° ± 9.95° (60–69 years), 6.57° ± 9.51° (70–79 years), and 5.53° ± 9.29° (≥ 80 years). The acetabular anteversion in women was 17.65° ± 6.58° (≤ 49 years), 19.24° ± 6.42° (50–59 years), 20.30° ± 6.25° (60–69 years), 22.38° ± 7.36° (70–79 years), and 23.34° ± 6.98° (≥ 80 years). The acetabular anteversion in men was 15.21° ± 8.14° (≤ 49 years), 17.68° ± 6.00° (50–59 years), 17.54° ± 5.93° (60–69 years), 18.68° ± 6.62° (70–79 years), and 18.19° ± 6.94° (≥ 80 years). The combined anteversion in women was 28.29° ± 14.30° (≤ 49 years), 34.99° ± 10.62° (50–59 years), 31.11° ± 11.52° (60–69 years), 34.76° ± 10.86° (70–79 years), and 34.57° ± 11.45° (≥ 80 years). The combined anteversion in men was 27.23° ± 15.11° (≤ 49 years), 28.30° ± 11.23° (50–59 years), 23.63° ± 11.77° (60–69 years), 25.25° ± 12.02° (70–79 years), and 23.72° ± 11.88° (≥ 80 years). Conclusions Femoral anteversion tended to decrease with age in men and acetabular anteversion tended to increase in both men and women. Combined anteversion showed a tendency to increase slightly in women.

Since the era of evidence-based medicine, it has become a matter of course to use statistics to create objective evidence in clinical research. As an extension of this, it has become essential in clinical research to calculate the correct sample size to demonstrate a clinically significant difference before starting the study.Also, because sample size calculation methods vary from study design to study design, there is no formula for sample size calculation that applies to all designs. It is very important for us to understand this. In this review, each sample size calculation method suitable for various study designs was introduced using the R program (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). In order for clinical researchers to directly utilize it according to future research, we presented practice codes, output results, and interpretation of results for each situation.

Objectives: This study was conducted to develop a generalizable annotation tool for bilingual complex clinical text annotation, which led to the design and development of a clinical text annotation tool, ANNO. Methods: We designed ANNO to enable human annotators to support the annotation of information in clinical documents efficiently and accurately. First, annotations for different classes (word or phrase types) can be tagged according to the type of word using the dictionary function. In addition, it is possible to evaluate and reconcile differences by comparing annotation results between human annotators. Moreover, if the regular expression set for each class is updated during annotation, it is automatically reflected in the new document. The regular expression set created by human annotators is designed such that a word tagged once is automatically labeled in new documents. Results: Because ANNO is a Docker-based web application, users can use it freely without being subjected to dependency issues. Human annotators can share their annotation markups as regular expression sets with a dictionary structure, and they can cross-check their annotated corpora with each other. The dictionary-based regular expression sharing function, cross-check function for each annotator, and standardized input (Microsoft Excel) and output (extensible markup language [XML]) formats are the main features of ANNO. Conclusions With the growing need for massively annotated clinical data to support the development of machine learning models, we expect ANNO to be helpful to many researchers.

A 70-year-old female presented with progressive gait disturbance. Neurologic examination revealed sensory impairment, hyporeflexia, and sensory ataxia. Nerve conduction study demonstrated mildly decreased velocity in motor nerves. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed high signal intensities in the corticomedullary junction on diffusion weighted imaging. Neurocognitive function test implied mild cognitive impairment. Based on eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in pathology, neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease was confirmed. Neuronal intranuclear inclusion needs to be considered when abnormal nerve conduction studies are consistent with abnormal brain imaging findings.

Objective: The ratio of 2nd and 4th digit length (2D:4D) is considered to be a sexually dimorphic trait. Low 2D:4D is implicated in alcohol dependence and heroin dependence and correlated with psychological traits such as aggression, physical aggression, and sensation. The purpose of this study is to compare the 2D:4D between methamphetamine (METH) dependence and controls and the 2D:4D ratio that is a potential biomarker for METH dependence. Methods: In this study, 40 patients diagnosed with METH dependence in Eulji University Gangnam Eulji Hospital and 50 healthy volunteers were all employees in the same hospital. Images of participants’ hands were created using a scanning device. The images contained both the right and left hands; computer software was used to measure the 2D:4D ratio for both hands. We compared the ratios, analyzed by t test, between the METH dependence group and the control group. Results: The mean 2D:4D values were 0.941 (right hand) and 0.943 (left hand) for the patients with METH dependence; in contrast, they were 0.961 (right hand) and 0.961 (left hand) for the control group. These values were significantly smaller than the control in patients’ right hands (p = 0.003) and left hands (p = 0.012). Conclusion Patients with METH dependence had smaller 2D:4D ratios than those in the control group, which is similar to the results from the previous substance use disorder studies. Thus, elevated prenatal testosterone levels during the gonadal period could be related to future METH problems. Furthermore, the 2D:4D ratio is a potential marker for the prediction of METH dependence.

Objective: To elucidate whether clinical features and the weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) were associated with the presence of lupus nephritis (LN). Methods: We retrospectively divided patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n=1,078) into biopsy-proven LN (n=507) and non-LN groups (non-LN, n=571). Baseline clinical features, serologic markers, and the wGRS were collected. The wGRS was calculated from 112 non-human leukocyte antigen (non-HLA) loci and HLA-DRβ1 amino acid haplotypes for SLE. Associations among clinical features, wGRS, and the presence of LN were identified. Results: In the multivariate analysis, patients with LN were younger at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]=0.97, p＜0.001), had more pleuritis (OR=2.44, p＜0.001) and pericarditis (OR=1.62, p=0.029), had a higher detection rate of anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA antibodies, OR=2.22, p＜0.001), anti-Smith antibodies (anti-Sm antibodies, OR=1.70, p=0.002), low level of complement (OR=1.37, p=0.043) and absence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL antibodies, OR=1.60, p=0.002), and had higher wGRS (OR=1.16, p=0.012). Mediation analysis suggested that anti-Sm antibodies and low complement could be mediators in the relationship between high wGRS and the presence of LN. Conclusion Onset age, pleuritis, pericarditis, several serologic markers, and wGRS were associated with the presence of LN. Anti-Sm antibodies and low complement appeared to mediate the indirect relationship between wGRS and the presence of LN.

Objective: To elucidate whether clinical features and the weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) were associated with the presence of lupus nephritis (LN). Methods: We retrospectively divided patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n=1,078) into biopsy-proven LN (n=507) and non-LN groups (non-LN, n=571). Baseline clinical features, serologic markers, and the wGRS were collected. The wGRS was calculated from 112 non-human leukocyte antigen (non-HLA) loci and HLA-DRβ1 amino acid haplotypes for SLE. Associations among clinical features, wGRS, and the presence of LN were identified. Results: In the multivariate analysis, patients with LN were younger at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]=0.97, p＜0.001), had more pleuritis (OR=2.44, p＜0.001) and pericarditis (OR=1.62, p=0.029), had a higher detection rate of anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA antibodies, OR=2.22, p＜0.001), anti-Smith antibodies (anti-Sm antibodies, OR=1.70, p=0.002), low level of complement (OR=1.37, p=0.043) and absence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL antibodies, OR=1.60, p=0.002), and had higher wGRS (OR=1.16, p=0.012). Mediation analysis suggested that anti-Sm antibodies and low complement could be mediators in the relationship between high wGRS and the presence of LN. Conclusion Onset age, pleuritis, pericarditis, several serologic markers, and wGRS were associated with the presence of LN. Anti-Sm antibodies and low complement appeared to mediate the indirect relationship between wGRS and the presence of LN.

Background/Aims: The treatment goal of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been changed to achieve endoscopic remission (ER). However, there is insufficient clinical evidence to determine whether a step-up treatment should be performed to achieve ER in clinical remission (CR) without ER, and there are inadequate data on the need to consider the distribution and severity of residual inflammation. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the distribution and severity of residual inflammation in UC patients in CR. Methods: A total of 131 UC patients in CR who underwent endoscopic evaluation for more than three times between January 2000 and December 2018 were reviewed. The patients were allocated by the endoscopic healing state and the distribution of inflammation to ER (n=31, 23.7%), residual nonrectal inflammation with patchy distribution (NRI) (n=17, 13.0%) or residual rectal involvement with continuous or patchy distribution (RI) (n=83, 63.3%) groups. We reviewed clinical characteristics, endoscopic findings, and factors associated with poor outcome-free survival (PFS). Results: In UC patients in CR, PFS was significantly higher in the ER and NRI groups than in the RI group (p=0.003). Patients in the ER and NRI groups had similar PFS (p=0.647). Cox proportional hazard model showed only RI (hazard ratio, 5.76; p=0.027) was associated with a higher risk of poor outcome. Conclusions We suggest that escalation of treatment modalities may be selectively performed in consideration of the residual mucosal inflammation pattern, even if ER has not been achieved, in UC patients with CR.

Background/Aims: The treatment goal of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been changed to achieve endoscopic remission (ER). However, there is insufficient clinical evidence to determine whether a step-up treatment should be performed to achieve ER in clinical remission (CR) without ER, and there are inadequate data on the need to consider the distribution and severity of residual inflammation. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the distribution and severity of residual inflammation in UC patients in CR. Methods: A total of 131 UC patients in CR who underwent endoscopic evaluation for more than three times between January 2000 and December 2018 were reviewed. The patients were allocated by the endoscopic healing state and the distribution of inflammation to ER (n=31, 23.7%), residual nonrectal inflammation with patchy distribution (NRI) (n=17, 13.0%) or residual rectal involvement with continuous or patchy distribution (RI) (n=83, 63.3%) groups. We reviewed clinical characteristics, endoscopic findings, and factors associated with poor outcome-free survival (PFS). Results: In UC patients in CR, PFS was significantly higher in the ER and NRI groups than in the RI group (p=0.003). Patients in the ER and NRI groups had similar PFS (p=0.647). Cox proportional hazard model showed only RI (hazard ratio, 5.76; p=0.027) was associated with a higher risk of poor outcome. Conclusions We suggest that escalation of treatment modalities may be selectively performed in consideration of the residual mucosal inflammation pattern, even if ER has not been achieved, in UC patients with CR.

Objective: Gambling disorder (GD) patients have a higher suicide risk compared to the general population. The present study investigates the suicide-related risk factors of GD patients by analyzing GD diagnosis-related symptoms and suicide-related behaviors of subjects. Methods: This study investigated which symptoms among GD diagnosis criteria are related to suicide risk in 142 patients diagnosed with GD. To analyze the relationship between GD symptoms and suicidal ideation and suicide attempt, the odds ratio (OR) was determined through multivariate logistic regression. Results: The number of symptoms was significantly higher in the subjects who had suicidal ideation group and attempt group. In the cases of past suicide attempts, responses to withdrawal and escape questions were significantly higher; in the cases of ongoing suicidal ideation, responses to negative consequences and bailout questions were significantly higher. When depression was corrected, the ‘bailout’ item was, indicating that ‘bailout’ increased suicidal ideation (OR=4.937, 95% CI=1.009–24.164). In the suicide attempt group, ‘relieve’ item may increase suicide attempt (OR=6.978, 95% CI=1.300–35.562). Conclusion Past suicide attempts in GD patients correlated with withdrawal symptoms, and financial problem correlated with suicidal ideation. This suggests that evaluating suicide risk is important when evaluating GD patients, and evaluation of financial problems is important for GD patients with suicide risks.