Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease in children and adolescents. The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease published the Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Guideline in 2008, which has been helpful in atopic dermatitis treatment until now. Various reports on the development and effectiveness of new drugs have suggested that there is a need to develop and revise old treatment guidelines. Part 1 aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations for skin care management and topical treatment for atopic dermatitis. Part 2 focuses on systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy. The goal of this guideline is intended to assist front-line doctors treating pediatric and adolescent atopic dermatitis patients make safer, more effective, and more rational decisions regarding systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy by providing evidence-based recommendations with a clear level of evidence and benefit regarding treatment.

Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease in children and adolescents. The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease published the Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Guideline in 2008, which has been helpful in atopic dermatitis treatment until now. Various reports on the development and effectiveness of new drugs have suggested that there is a need to develop and revise old treatment guidelines. Part 1 aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations for skin care management and topical treatment for atopic dermatitis. Part 2 focuses on systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy. The goal of this guideline is intended to assist front-line doctors treating pediatric and adolescent atopic dermatitis patients make safer, more effective, and more rational decisions regarding systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy by providing evidence-based recommendations with a clear level of evidence and benefit regarding treatment.

Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease in children and adolescents. The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease published the Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Guideline in 2008, which has been helpful in atopic dermatitis treatment until now. Various reports on the development and effectiveness of new drugs have suggested that there is a need to develop and revise old treatment guidelines. Part 1 aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations for skin care management and topical treatment for atopic dermatitis. Part 2 focuses on systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy. The goal of this guideline is intended to assist front-line doctors treating pediatric and adolescent atopic dermatitis patients make safer, more effective, and more rational decisions regarding systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy by providing evidence-based recommendations with a clear level of evidence and benefit regarding treatment.

Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease in children and adolescents. The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease published the Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Guideline in 2008, which has been helpful in atopic dermatitis treatment until now. Various reports on the development and effectiveness of new drugs have suggested that there is a need to develop and revise old treatment guidelines. Part 1 aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations for skin care management and topical treatment for atopic dermatitis. Part 2 focuses on systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy. The goal of this guideline is intended to assist front-line doctors treating pediatric and adolescent atopic dermatitis patients make safer, more effective, and more rational decisions regarding systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy by providing evidence-based recommendations with a clear level of evidence and benefit regarding treatment.

Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease in children and adolescents. The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease published the Atopic Dermatitis Treatment Guideline in 2008, which has been helpful in atopic dermatitis treatment until now. Various reports on the development and effectiveness of new drugs have suggested that there is a need to develop and revise old treatment guidelines. Part 1 aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations for skin care management and topical treatment for atopic dermatitis. Part 2 focuses on systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy. The goal of this guideline is intended to assist front-line doctors treating pediatric and adolescent atopic dermatitis patients make safer, more effective, and more rational decisions regarding systemic treatment, novel therapeutics, and adjuvant therapy by providing evidence-based recommendations with a clear level of evidence and benefit regarding treatment.

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to manage pain and inflammation but are associated with adverse events (AEs) across various organ systems. However, organ-specific AE profiles among different NSAID classesremain underexplored. This study aimed to compare AE patterns across NSAID classes using national pharmacovigilance data. Methods: A total of 54,251 NSAID-related AE reports from 2017 to 2021 were extracted from the Korea Adverse Event ReportingSystem (KAERS). NSAIDs were classified into six groups: propionic acids, acetic acids, oxicams, fenamic acids, COX-2 inhibitors, and salicylic acids. AEs were categorized into nine System Organ Classes (SOCs) based on Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terminology. Disproportionality analysis was performed using Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) to identify class-specific AE signals. Results: The most frequently reported SOCs were skin disorders (30.1%) and gastrointestinal events (24.0%). Salicylic acids showed the highest disproportionality for musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders [ROR (95% CI)=4.18 (3.56-4.90); PRR (95% CI)=4.11 (3.51-4.81)]. Fenamic acids were notably associated with skin-related AEs [ROR (95% CI)=1.86 (1.69-2.04); PRR (95% CI)=1.47 (1.40-1.55)], while COX-2 inhibitors were linked to endocrine [ROR (95% CI)=1.91 (1.47-2.47); PRR (95% CI=1.90 (1.47-2.46)] and genitourinary disorders [ROR (95% CI)=1.92 (1.59-2.31);PRR (95% CI)=1.90 (1.58-2.28)]. Conclusion NSAID classes demonstrate distinct AE disproportionality patterns, suggesting class-specific organ susceptibilities. These findings emphasize the need for personalized NSAID selection and further research intopredictive safety models.

Background: Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a proton uncoupler located across the mitochondrial membrane gener‑ ally involved in thermogenesis of brown adipose tissues. Although UCP1 is known to be strongly expressed in brown adipocytes, recent evidence suggest that white adipocytes can also express UCP1 under certain circumstances such as cold- or β-adrenergic receptor-stimulation, allowing them to acquire brown adipocyte-like features thereby becoming ’beige’ adipocytes. Results: In this study, we report that UCP1 can be expressed in adipose-tissue macrophages (ATM) lacking func‑ tional hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and this does not require cold- nor β-adrenergic receptor activation. By using myeloid-specific Hif-1α knockout (KO) mice, we observed that these mice were protected from diet-induced obesity and exhibited an improved thermogenic tolerance upon cold challenge. ATM isolated from white adipose tissues (WAT) of these mice fed with high fat diet exhibited significantly higher M2-polarization, decreased gly‑ colysis, increased mitochondrial functions and acetyl-CoA levels, along with increased expression of Ucp1, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1a, and others involved in histone acetylation. Consistent with the increased Ucp1 gene expression, these ATM produced a significant amount of heat mediating lipolysis of cocultured adipocytes liberating free fatty acid. Treating ATM with acetate, a substrate for acetyl-CoA synthesis was able to boost the heat production in wild-type or Hif-1α-deficient but not UCP1-deficient macrophages, indicating that UCP1 was necessary for the heat production in macrophages. Lastly, we observed a significant inverse correlation between the number of UCP1-expressing ATM in WAT and the body mass index of human individuals. Conclusions UCP1-expressing ATM produce the heat to mediate lipolysis of adipocytes, indicating that this can be a novel strategy to treat and prevent diet-induced obesity.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify changes in the prevalence of obesity and related diseases among children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: This study was conducted using data from the 2016–2021 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and included 3,861 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years. The prevalence of obesity and related diseases was adjusted for age, sex, and income. We also analyzed the socioeconomic, nutritional, and physical activity items in the survey. Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity (p=0.02), central obesity (p=0.001), mean body mass index (BMI, p=0.03), and hemoglobin A1c (p=0.005) among children and adolescents aged 10–18 years. The intake of food and calories was significantly reduced in the normal-weight group (p=0.001 and <0.001) but not in the obese group. Incidences of skipping breakfast increased and eating out decreased, regardless of obesity status. However, the changes in health behaviors were not significant. The prevalence of central obesity and increased BMI showed a significant linear association between children and their parents, especially in the 10–12-year-old age group. A clear increase in the proportion of metabolically unhealthy children and adolescents was observed in the obese group, and the frequency of central obesity in parents also increased. Conclusion The number of metabolically unhealthy, obese children and adolescents increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Age-specific strategies that consider growth, development, and genetic and social factors are required. Health strategies targeting the entire family are required to develop healthier habits.