Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects not only the gastrointestinal tract but also extraintestinal organs, leading to various extraintestinal manifestations and complications. Among these, musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis are the most commonly observed. These conditions arise from complex mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, malnutrition, gut dysbiosis, and glucocorticoid use, all of which contribute to reduced bone density, muscle loss, and joint inflammation. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia may co-occur as osteosarcopenia, a condition that heightens the risk of fractures, impairs physical performance, and diminishes quality of life, particularly in elderly patients with IBD. Holistic management strategies, including lifestyle modifications, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation, resistance training, and pharmacological interventions, are essential for mitigating the impact of these conditions. Spondyloarthritis, which affects both axial and peripheral joints, further complicates disease management and significantly compromises joint health. Timely diagnosis and appropriate medical interventions, such as administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and biologics, are critical for preventing chronic joint damage and disability. Moreover, a multidisciplinary approach that addresses both metabolic and inflammatory aspects is essential for optimizing physical function and improving treatment outcomes in patients who have IBD with musculoskeletal involvement.

Purpose: This study elucidates the mechanism of the physiological effect of cannabidiol (CBD) by assessing its impact on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RWPE-1 cells and prostatitis-induced by 17β-estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in a rat model, focusing on its therapeutic potential for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Materials and Methods: RWPE-1 cells were stratified in vitro into three groups: (1) controls, (2) cells with LPS-induced inflammation, and (3) cells with LPS-induced inflammation and treated with CBD. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blots were performed on cellular components and supernatants after administration of CBD. Five groups of six Sprague–Dawley male rats were assigned: (1) control, (2) CP/CPPS, (3) CP/CPPS and treated with 50 mg/kg CBD, (4) CP/CPPS and treated with 100 mg/kg CBD, and (5) CP/CPPS and treated with 150 mg/kg CBD. Prostatitis was induced through administration of 17β-estradiol and dihydrotestosterone. After four weeks of CBD treatment, a pain index was evaluated, and prostate tissue was collected for subsequent histologic examination and western blot analysis. Results: CBD demonstrated efficacy in vivo for CP/CPPS and in vitro for inflammation. It inhibited the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)uclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by activating the CB2 receptor, reducing expression of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) (p<0.01). CBD exhibited analgesic effects by activating and desensitizing the TRPV1 receptor. Conclusions CBD inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB pathway by activating the CB2 receptor, desensitizes the TRPV1 receptor, and decreases the release of COX2. This results in relief of inflammation and pain in patients with CP/CPPS, indicating CBD as a potential treatment for CP/CPPS.

Background and Objectives: The Korean Organ Transplant Registry (KOTRY) provided data for this third official report on adult heart transplantation (HT), including information from 709 recipients. Methods: Data from HTs performed at seven major centers in Korea between March 2014 and December 2020 were analyzed, focusing on immunosuppression, acute rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), post-transplant survival, and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) usage. Results: The median ages of the recipients and donors were 56.0 and 43.0 years, respectively.Cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease were the most common preceding conditions for HT. A significant portion of patients underwent HT at waiting list status 1 and 0. In the multivariate analysis, a predicted heart mass mismatch was associated with a higher risk of 1-year mortality. Patients over 70 years old had a significantly increased risk of 6-year mortality. The risk of CAV was higher for male donors and donors older than 45 years. Acute rejection was more likely in patients with panel reactive antibody levels above 80%, while statin use was associated with a reduced risk. The employment of left ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation increased from 2.17% to 22.4%. Pre-transplant extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation was associated with worse post-transplant survival. Conclusions In this third KOTRY report, we analyzed changes in the characteristics of adult HT recipients and donors and their impact on post-transplant outcomes. The most notable discovery was the increased use of MCS before HT and their impact on post-transplant outcomes.

Purpose: This study examined the status of arthroscopic shoulder surgery in ambulatory settings by analyzing a single institutional database. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and eight arthroscopic shoulder surgeries performed between June 2022 and March 2023 were reviewed retrospectively. Propensity score matching (1-to-2) was performed between the day surgery group and the inpatient group according to sex, age, tear size, and interscalene nerve block (ISNB). Finally, 59 patients in the day surgery group and 118 patients in the inpatient group were matched. The indications of the day surgery were pre-determined according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification I or II, and the patient's social, medical, and surgical factors were thoroughly analyzed to define the target group of the day surgery. Complications related to voiding difficulty were prevented by classifying the patients using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) before surgery, and preventive medications were prescribed in the higher-risk patients with an IPSS of more than 7. To reduce postoperative pain, ISNB and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) were applied to all patients during the study period, while day surgery patients received an additional bolus injection (5 cc of 0.375% ropivacaine+5 cc of normal saline) before discharge instead of continuous ISNB PCA. This study compared the postoperative pain assessments at discharge and on postoperative days 1, 2, and 14, as well as the total volume of saline irrigation, surgical time, and complications between the day surgery and inpatient groups. Results: The visual analogue scale for pain (pVAS) at the time of surgery were comparable in the day surgery group (4.1±1.5) and inpatient surgery group (4.1±1.1), with no significant difference between them (p=0.35). Similarly, the postoperative pVAS at 1, 2, and 14 days postoperatively was similar in the two groups (all p>0.05). The surgical-related factors, such as the total volume of saline irrigation and surgical time, were similar in the two groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in postoperative complications between the two groups (all p>0.05). Conclusion These results show that arthroscopic shoulder surgery in ambulatory settings is a safe alternative to inpatient surgery.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects not only the gastrointestinal tract but also extraintestinal organs, leading to various extraintestinal manifestations and complications. Among these, musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis are the most commonly observed. These conditions arise from complex mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, malnutrition, gut dysbiosis, and glucocorticoid use, all of which contribute to reduced bone density, muscle loss, and joint inflammation. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia may co-occur as osteosarcopenia, a condition that heightens the risk of fractures, impairs physical performance, and diminishes quality of life, particularly in elderly patients with IBD. Holistic management strategies, including lifestyle modifications, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation, resistance training, and pharmacological interventions, are essential for mitigating the impact of these conditions. Spondyloarthritis, which affects both axial and peripheral joints, further complicates disease management and significantly compromises joint health. Timely diagnosis and appropriate medical interventions, such as administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and biologics, are critical for preventing chronic joint damage and disability. Moreover, a multidisciplinary approach that addresses both metabolic and inflammatory aspects is essential for optimizing physical function and improving treatment outcomes in patients who have IBD with musculoskeletal involvement.

Purpose: This study examined the status of arthroscopic shoulder surgery in ambulatory settings by analyzing a single institutional database. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and eight arthroscopic shoulder surgeries performed between June 2022 and March 2023 were reviewed retrospectively. Propensity score matching (1-to-2) was performed between the day surgery group and the inpatient group according to sex, age, tear size, and interscalene nerve block (ISNB). Finally, 59 patients in the day surgery group and 118 patients in the inpatient group were matched. The indications of the day surgery were pre-determined according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification I or II, and the patient's social, medical, and surgical factors were thoroughly analyzed to define the target group of the day surgery. Complications related to voiding difficulty were prevented by classifying the patients using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) before surgery, and preventive medications were prescribed in the higher-risk patients with an IPSS of more than 7. To reduce postoperative pain, ISNB and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) were applied to all patients during the study period, while day surgery patients received an additional bolus injection (5 cc of 0.375% ropivacaine+5 cc of normal saline) before discharge instead of continuous ISNB PCA. This study compared the postoperative pain assessments at discharge and on postoperative days 1, 2, and 14, as well as the total volume of saline irrigation, surgical time, and complications between the day surgery and inpatient groups. Results: The visual analogue scale for pain (pVAS) at the time of surgery were comparable in the day surgery group (4.1±1.5) and inpatient surgery group (4.1±1.1), with no significant difference between them (p=0.35). Similarly, the postoperative pVAS at 1, 2, and 14 days postoperatively was similar in the two groups (all p>0.05). The surgical-related factors, such as the total volume of saline irrigation and surgical time, were similar in the two groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in postoperative complications between the two groups (all p>0.05). Conclusion These results show that arthroscopic shoulder surgery in ambulatory settings is a safe alternative to inpatient surgery.

Background and Objectives: The Korean Organ Transplant Registry (KOTRY) provided data for this third official report on adult heart transplantation (HT), including information from 709 recipients. Methods: Data from HTs performed at seven major centers in Korea between March 2014 and December 2020 were analyzed, focusing on immunosuppression, acute rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), post-transplant survival, and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) usage. Results: The median ages of the recipients and donors were 56.0 and 43.0 years, respectively.Cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease were the most common preceding conditions for HT. A significant portion of patients underwent HT at waiting list status 1 and 0. In the multivariate analysis, a predicted heart mass mismatch was associated with a higher risk of 1-year mortality. Patients over 70 years old had a significantly increased risk of 6-year mortality. The risk of CAV was higher for male donors and donors older than 45 years. Acute rejection was more likely in patients with panel reactive antibody levels above 80%, while statin use was associated with a reduced risk. The employment of left ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation increased from 2.17% to 22.4%. Pre-transplant extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation was associated with worse post-transplant survival. Conclusions In this third KOTRY report, we analyzed changes in the characteristics of adult HT recipients and donors and their impact on post-transplant outcomes. The most notable discovery was the increased use of MCS before HT and their impact on post-transplant outcomes.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects not only the gastrointestinal tract but also extraintestinal organs, leading to various extraintestinal manifestations and complications. Among these, musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis are the most commonly observed. These conditions arise from complex mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, malnutrition, gut dysbiosis, and glucocorticoid use, all of which contribute to reduced bone density, muscle loss, and joint inflammation. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia may co-occur as osteosarcopenia, a condition that heightens the risk of fractures, impairs physical performance, and diminishes quality of life, particularly in elderly patients with IBD. Holistic management strategies, including lifestyle modifications, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation, resistance training, and pharmacological interventions, are essential for mitigating the impact of these conditions. Spondyloarthritis, which affects both axial and peripheral joints, further complicates disease management and significantly compromises joint health. Timely diagnosis and appropriate medical interventions, such as administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and biologics, are critical for preventing chronic joint damage and disability. Moreover, a multidisciplinary approach that addresses both metabolic and inflammatory aspects is essential for optimizing physical function and improving treatment outcomes in patients who have IBD with musculoskeletal involvement.

Purpose: This study elucidates the mechanism of the physiological effect of cannabidiol (CBD) by assessing its impact on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RWPE-1 cells and prostatitis-induced by 17β-estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in a rat model, focusing on its therapeutic potential for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Materials and Methods: RWPE-1 cells were stratified in vitro into three groups: (1) controls, (2) cells with LPS-induced inflammation, and (3) cells with LPS-induced inflammation and treated with CBD. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blots were performed on cellular components and supernatants after administration of CBD. Five groups of six Sprague–Dawley male rats were assigned: (1) control, (2) CP/CPPS, (3) CP/CPPS and treated with 50 mg/kg CBD, (4) CP/CPPS and treated with 100 mg/kg CBD, and (5) CP/CPPS and treated with 150 mg/kg CBD. Prostatitis was induced through administration of 17β-estradiol and dihydrotestosterone. After four weeks of CBD treatment, a pain index was evaluated, and prostate tissue was collected for subsequent histologic examination and western blot analysis. Results: CBD demonstrated efficacy in vivo for CP/CPPS and in vitro for inflammation. It inhibited the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)uclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by activating the CB2 receptor, reducing expression of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) (p<0.01). CBD exhibited analgesic effects by activating and desensitizing the TRPV1 receptor. Conclusions CBD inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB pathway by activating the CB2 receptor, desensitizes the TRPV1 receptor, and decreases the release of COX2. This results in relief of inflammation and pain in patients with CP/CPPS, indicating CBD as a potential treatment for CP/CPPS.

Purpose: This study elucidates the mechanism of the physiological effect of cannabidiol (CBD) by assessing its impact on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RWPE-1 cells and prostatitis-induced by 17β-estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in a rat model, focusing on its therapeutic potential for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Materials and Methods: RWPE-1 cells were stratified in vitro into three groups: (1) controls, (2) cells with LPS-induced inflammation, and (3) cells with LPS-induced inflammation and treated with CBD. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blots were performed on cellular components and supernatants after administration of CBD. Five groups of six Sprague–Dawley male rats were assigned: (1) control, (2) CP/CPPS, (3) CP/CPPS and treated with 50 mg/kg CBD, (4) CP/CPPS and treated with 100 mg/kg CBD, and (5) CP/CPPS and treated with 150 mg/kg CBD. Prostatitis was induced through administration of 17β-estradiol and dihydrotestosterone. After four weeks of CBD treatment, a pain index was evaluated, and prostate tissue was collected for subsequent histologic examination and western blot analysis. Results: CBD demonstrated efficacy in vivo for CP/CPPS and in vitro for inflammation. It inhibited the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)uclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by activating the CB2 receptor, reducing expression of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) (p<0.01). CBD exhibited analgesic effects by activating and desensitizing the TRPV1 receptor. Conclusions CBD inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB pathway by activating the CB2 receptor, desensitizes the TRPV1 receptor, and decreases the release of COX2. This results in relief of inflammation and pain in patients with CP/CPPS, indicating CBD as a potential treatment for CP/CPPS.