Background: The development of a country is often measured by the state of human development, especially maternal and child health indicators. In Mongolia, public health policies targeting the prevention of non-communicable diseases related to lifestyle and physical development among adolescents are critically needed. However, there is a lack of regional studies on adolescent health, particularly in rural areas. Aim: To study certain physical development indicators among adolescents in Bulgan province. Materials and Methods: This analytical study was conducted in 2022 involving 781 twelve-year-old children. Data were collected from parents and processed using Stata 17.0. Percentages were calculated for qualitative data, and Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for statistical analysis. Where statistically significant, multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to identify risk factors affecting physical development. Results: 52.88% of the participants were boys,92.45% lived in traditional or private hous12.04% of the children showed growth retardation. 49.68% were overweight.70.94% were classified as overweight or obese based on their Body Mass Index (BMI).Weak muscle strength (1.66%), flexibility (2.05%), endurance (1.66%), and agility (1.92%) were observed. Boys were more likely to experience height retardation but had stronger muscle strength.Girls showed a higher prevalence of being overweight.Children living in the provincial center had higher height and BMI, while those in soum centers demonstrated statistically significant strength in muscle power, flexibility, and endurance. Conclusion 1. Among the study participants, 70.94% of children were overweight or obese. 2. 1.66% of the study participants had weak muscle strength, 2.05% had weak flexibility, 1.66% had weak endurance, and 1.92% had weak speed and agility. 3. The use of mobile phones, parental involvement, inactivity, lack of sports, and lack of horse riding have negative effects on physical development.

BACKGROUND: Identifying and managing medical emergencies presents challenges in healthcare, where familiarity with established algorithms is essential for high-quality care. This study assessed healthcare professionals’ understanding of the latest resuscitation guidelines and explored their views on lifelong training models. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used two multiple-choice questionnaires with 50 questions developed by academic emergency and critical care consultants based on the 2021 Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations (CoSTRs) by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Healthcare staff involved in emergency coverage completed assessments on emergency management, self-evaluated their knowledge, and shared perspectives on continuous workplace education. RESULTS: Of the 1,427 distributed questionnaires, 1,034 (72.5%) were completed. Knowledge gaps were more pronounced for pediatric algorithms from the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and American Heart Association (AHA) compared to adult protocols (P<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression, being a physician, holding a Master of Science (MSc) degree, and younger age were independently associated with passing scores ≥70% (all P<0.001). Most participants (97.3%) favored brief, employer-funded teamwork refresher sessions every 4-6 months over the current four-year training model (0.6%) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study highlights healthcare life support providers’ insufficient expertise in current resuscitation guidelines. The importance of short-format retraining, upskilling, and reskilling programs with post-training assessments is evident, as most respondents expressed a strong learning motivation to participate if employer-funded.

Background: A particular appealing problem in the medical field of our country is non-communicable diseases, which are derived from child development and lifestyle, prevention and the decision was approved on being used the maternal and child health handbook in order to be promptly needed the publicly covered medical policy toward those. Several researchers have noted that in developed countries longitudinal studies are used for checking and controlling in wide range of epidemic diseases and health issues for maternal and child, pregnancy and postpartum period as well as this method is directed to be found out multiple information and knowledge. Not having studied enough how well current situations for postpartum period and maternal and child health in our countryside is become the foundation for our research work. Moreover, it needs to be found out what kind of factors, which are effected on children who were born to the year of 2010 in Bulgan province, where it started using the first and only maternal and child health handbook (so called a pink handbook) in Mongolia, health issues. Also, the foundation of this study was to be needed to focus on our attention to which level of the medical field in order to improve those generations health issues are improved, Aim: to evaluate of a written usage of the maternal and child health handbook, to define its needs, to advertise its results to the public. Materials and Methods: The study is made with a cohort design of an analytical method based on collected information in 2013, of mothers and children, who are in need, giving birth and being born in 2010 and the results were made on Stata 17 program. The answers were taken with the base study of 2013 from 1015 original case sources within study groups in needs, and collected information covered with current and actual local situation, as well as to be involved in mothers and children, who gave birth and were born in 17 sums’ health institutions of Bulgan province. Results: Participants age range and educational backgrounds; 70.34 % of mothers were between 20-34 ages, 29.36% of mothers were 35 and over ages. 1.51% of uneducated mothers, 39.06 % of high school graduates, 49.1% of permanent residents, 45.38 % of temporary or nomadic or the smallest units residents of administration, 92.08% of married, 39.88% of families are consisted in members over 5, 52.12% of boys with average weights of 3389.8 grams during the period of being born, 9.86% of heavy pregnancy or heavy weight fetuses, 4.14% of light weight fetuses or light weight infants. Plus, the study was defined the mothers educational background to be great and helpful strength to use and record and to define the usages of the maternal and child health handbook, which was given and thoroughly explained to the mothers at the beginning. The leading diseases and their reasons were among three-year aged children, who were covered and recorded with 173 severe burnt, 42 falling injuries from something, 22 being hit and 19 were bitten by animals. In this study there were 17.83% of participants without the maternal and child health handbooks (pink handbooks), 81.77% of participants carried their pink handbooks with them when they went to the health facilities, 68.47% of them, who were gotten explanations from the doctors, when the pink handbooks were opened by, 71.72% of participants answered the pink handbooks to be needed. The results of this study have indicated that 71.72% of mothers, who used it at first time, answered the maternal and child health handbooks were very important and handy for understanding to check and observe for mothers and children’s development and growth. Conclusion It was the leading reason, which was predominantly recorded with cases of burning, falling injuries, hit and bitten by animals among three-year of children, who were participated in this study. There were high amounts of respiratory diseases and diarrheas among toddlers. 71.72% of participants considered that the maternal and child health handbooks were important.

Objective:To describe a low-cost, reproducible phantom model for training medical practitioners in ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation (EA) of a cystic thyroid nodule.

Methods:The model of cyst contents was created using a mixture of coffee powder, cornstarch and water to mimic colloidal contents. This was injected into the finger of a cut surgical glove secured with transparent tape to serve as an inflatable capsule and placed inside a chicken breast. This setup allows practitioners to perform key ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation techniques including spinal needle insertion, cyst aspiration, saline flushing, re-aspiration and ethanol injection.

Results:The phantom model was assembled for PhP 150.30 per unit and took approximately 5 minutes to construct. This model was demonstrated to be a cost-effective and simple method for enabling specialists to practice and enhance their skills in ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation of a cystic thyroid nodule.

Conclusion:The described phantom model provides an accessible and practical training tool for healthcare providers to gain proficiency in ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation of a cystic thyroid nodule in a safe and controlled setting prior to actual patient handling.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease lacking effective therapy. Metformin, an antidiabetic medication, has shown promising therapeutic properties in preclinical fibrosis models; however, its precise cellular targets and associated mechanisms in fibrosis resolution remain incompletely defined. Most research on metformin's effects has focused on mesenchymal and inflammatory responses with limited attention to epithelial cells. In this study, we utilized Sftpc lineage-traced and Fgfr2b conditional knockout mice, along with BMP2/PPARγ and AMPK inhibitors, to explore metformin's impact on alveolar epithelial cells in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model and cell culture. We found that metformin increased the proliferation and differentiation of alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, particularly the recently identified injury-activated alveolar progenitors (IAAPs)-a subpopulation characterized by low SFTPC expression but enriched for PD-L1. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a reduction in apoptosis among mature AT2 cells. Interestingly, metformin's therapeutic effects were not significantly affected by BMP2 or PPARγ inhibition, which blocked the lipogenic differentiation of myofibroblasts. However, Fgfr2b deletion in Sftpc lineage cells significantly impaired metformin's ability to promote fibrosis resolution, a process linked to AMPK signaling. In conclusion, metformin alleviates fibrosis by directly activating AT2 cells, especially the IAAPs, through a mechanism that involves AMPK and FGFR2b signaling, but is largely independent of BMP2/PPARγ pathways.

This review examines the bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and systemic health conditions, offering an integrated perspective based on current evidence. It synthesizes epidemiological data, biological mechanisms, and clinical implications to support collaborative care strategies recognizing oral health as a key component of overall wellness. Periodontitis affects 7.4% to 11.2% of adults worldwide, and its prevalence increases with age. Beyond its local effects, including gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket formation, and alveolar bone loss, periodontitis is associated with various systemic conditions. Emerging evidence has established links with obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes, certain malignancies, neurodegenerative diseases, psychological disorders, and autoimmune conditions. These associations are mediated by 3 primary mechanisms: dysbiotic oral biofilms, chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, and the dissemination of periodontal pathogens throughout the body. The pathophysiology involves elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein), impaired immune function, oxidative stress, and molecular mimicry. Periodontal pathogens, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis, are crucial in initiating and sustaining systemic inflammatory responses. Treatment of periodontitis has demonstrated measurable improvements in numerous systemic conditions, emphasizing the clinical significance of these interconnections. Periodontitis should be understood as more than just a localized oral disease; it significantly contributes to the overall systemic inflammatory burden, with implications for general health. An integrated, multidisciplinary approach to prevention, early detection, and comprehensive treatment is vital for optimal patient outcomes. Healthcare providers should acknowledge oral health as an essential element of systemic well-being.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality, most often linked to smoking. However, growing evidence indicates that previous tuberculosis (TB) infection is also a critical risk factor for COPD. This review aimed at providing a comprehensive perspective on TB-COPD, covering its epidemiologic significance, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and current management approaches. Tuberculosis-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TB-COPD) is characterized by persistent inflammatory responses, altered immune pathways, and extensive structural lung damage—manifested as cavitation, fibrosis, and airway remodeling. Multiple epidemiologic studies have shown that individuals with a history of TB have a significantly higher likelihood of developing COPD and experiencing worse outcomes, such as increased breathlessness and frequent exacerbations. Key pathogenic mechanisms include elevated matrix metalloproteinase activity and excessive neutrophil-driven inflammation, which lead to alveolar destruction, fibrotic scarring, and the development of bronchiectasis. Treatment generally follows current COPD guidelines, advocating the use of long-acting bronchodilators and the selective application of inhaled corticosteroids. Studies have demonstrated that indacaterol significantly improves lung function and respiratory symptoms, while long-acting muscarinic antagonists have shown survival benefits.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the health rights of inmates in correctional facilities from the perspective of unmet needs and to explore institutional improvement plans that could yield substantial qualitative and quantitative advancements.

Methods: Data on capacity and actual occupancy, external and internal medical services, the number of inmates with mental health conditions, and cell area were obtained from the Ministry of Justice. Overall, 1,057 inmates were surveyed, representing 1.84% of the total inmate population of 57,560 as of September 30, 2016. A structured questionnaire was distributed to these inmates, and upon collection, the responses were analyzed. Furthermore, a request was submitted to the Ministry of Justice to survey the status of healthcare personnel and medical services across 52 correctional facilities nationwide.

Results: Between 2014 and 2015, the Ministry of Justice in South Korea allocated approximately 14 to 22 billion Korean won for healthcare services in correctional facilities. The major facilities with the most inmates with mental health conditions had 160 such inmates in 2014 and 161 in 2015. Overcrowding and insufficient cooling pose ongoing health risks. Inmates face challenges accessing medical care, with unmet needs for dental and psychiatric services.

Conclusion: Strategies to improve inmates’ health rights include establishing a primary healthcare system, improving governance, alleviating overcrowding, and introducing mental health programs. Emphases are placed on managing severe illnesses such as cancer, strengthening emergency care, and ensuring oversight by the National Human Rights Commission. Regular education of prison staff is also recommended to improve inmate health management.

This study explores the development, roles, and key initiatives of the Regional Environmental Health Centers in Korea, detailing their evolution through four distinct phases and their impact on environmental health policy and local governance. It chronicles the establishment and transformation of these centers from their inception in May 2007, through four developmental stages. Originally named Environmental Disease Research Centers, they were subsequently renamed Environmental Health Centers following legislative changes. The analysis includes the expansion in the number of centers, the transfer of responsibilities to local governments, and the launch of significant projects such as the Korean Children’s Environmental Health Study (Ko-CHENS ). During the initial phase (May 2007–February 2009), the 10 centers concentrated on research-driven activities, shifting from a media-centered to a receptor-centered approach. In the second phase, prompted by the enactment of the Environmental Health Act, six additional centers were established, broadening their scope to address national environmental health issues. The third phase introduced Ko-CHENS, a 20-year national cohort project designed to influence environmental health policy by integrating research findings into policy frameworks. The fourth phase marked a decentralization of authority, empowering local governments and redefining the centers' roles to focus on regional environmental health challenges. The Regional Environmental Health Centers have significantly evolved and now play a crucial role in addressing local environmental health issues and supporting local government policies. Their capacity to adapt and respond to region-specific challenges is essential for the effective implementation of environmental health policies, reflecting geographical, socioeconomic, and demographic differences.