Background: s/Aims: This study evaluated the feasibility and outcomes of surgical treatment for metachronous periampullary carcinoma following curative resection of primary extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of seven patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for metachronous periampullary cancer after prior curative surgery for extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Results: The mean age at the second surgery was 66.7 years (range, 43–81 years). Initial malignancies included three hilar cholangiocarcinomas, one middle bile duct cancer, and three gallbladder cancers. Subsequent primary tumors consisted of three distal bile duct cancers, three pancreatic head cancers, and one duodenal cancer. The mean interval between the first and second cancers was 47 months (range, 13–121 months). No perioperative deaths occurred. Postoperative complications developed in three patients (42.9%):chyle leakage (Clavien–Dindo grade II) in two (28.6%) and a grade C postoperative pancreatic fistula requiring reoperation (grade IIIb) in one (14.3%). Both chyle leaks were managed conservatively. During follow-up, four patients died of recurrence at 5, 12, 19, and 24 months postoperatively. One patient underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary metastasis 2 months after PD and remains alive 22 months later without recurrence. Two patients are disease-free at 38 and 92 months of follow-up. Conclusions PD for second primary periampullary cancer after resection of extrahepatic bile duct cancer appears feasible and potentially effective. Although no perioperative mortality occurred, major complications were observed. Larger studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease is a fibroinflammatory condition that can involve multiple organs. Isolated involvement of the gallbladder is exceptionally uncommon and often radiologically indistinguishable from gallbladder carcinoma, resulting in diagnostic uncertainty before surgery. A 77-year-old man presented with right upper abdominal discomfort lasting 1 month. Cross-sectional imaging revealed irregular gallbladder wall thickening with contrast enhancement, raising suspicion for resectable gallbladder cancer. The patient underwent a radical cholecystectomy with partial hepatectomy. Histopathological analysis demonstrated dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, storiform fibrosis, and marked infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells exceeding established diagnostic thresholds, consistent with IgG4-related cholecystitis. The postoperative course was uneventful, and no additional treatment was required. IgG4-related cholecystitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gallbladder malignancy, particularly in atypical or indeterminate cases. However, when imaging findings strongly suggest carcinoma, radical surgical resection remains an appropriate oncologic approach.

Objective: The study explores the long-term impacts of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in pediatric and adult mice, focusing on how age at injury influences these processes. Methods: Controlled cortical impacts were used to induce TBI in pediatric (21–25 days old) and adult (8–12 weeks old) C57BL/6 male mice. Neuroinflammation was evaluated by measuring immunoreactivity for allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1)/ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), while apoptosis was assessed using markers such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, and procaspase-3. Additionally, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression was measured to understand the stress response. Results: Following controlled cortical impacts, pediatric mice exhibited a significant reduction in expression of neuronal nuclei (P<0.001), and significant increases in expression of GFAP (P<0.01) and AIF-1/Iba-1 (P<0.05) at 3 days post-injury (DPI) compared with sham controls. In contrast, adult mice exhibited no significant change in AIF-1/Iba-1 expression and a less pronounced increase in GFAP (P<0.05) at 3 DPI compared with sham controls. A more significant increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio at 7 DPI (P<0.01) was seen in pediatric mice, while a weak but significant increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio at 7 DPI (P<0.05) was evident in adults. Both age groups showed a significant but transient increase in HSP70 levels at 7 DPI, which normalized by 90 DPI. Conclusion Pediatric and adult mice exhibited significant time-dependent differences in neuroinflammation and apoptosis following TBI, with pediatric mice showing more intense early responses indicative of age-specific vulnerabilities in post-injury outcomes. Both age groups showed a significant but transient increase in HSP70 expression, suggesting an acute response to stress post-injury.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) of the duodenum are exceptionally uncommon, and their epidemiologic and clinical characteristics remain poorly defined because of the limited number of reported cases. We previously reported a case of duodenal IMT in the Korean Journal of Gastroenterology in 2018, with follow-up data available only up to 12 months. IMTs typically behave in a benign manner, but they may occasionally demonstrate local invasiveness and recurrence; therefore, achieving complete surgical excision is crucial, followed by long-term surveillance. In the present manuscript, we provide a subsequent long-term follow-up report of the same patient, offering an extended 88-month postoperative course and additional radiologic and pathologic details not included in the earlier publication. This follow-up report highlights the long-term benign behavior of the tumor despite positive surgical margins and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-negative immunohistochemistry, contributing meaningful information to the scarce literature on adult duodenal IMTs.

In the 2023 series, we summarized the major clinical research advances in gynecologic oncology based on communications at the conference of Asian Society of Gynecologic Oncology Review Course. The review consisted of 1) Endometrial cancer: immune checkpoint inhibitor, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), selective inhibitor of nuclear export, CDK4/6 inhibitors WEE1 inhibitor, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. 2) Cervical cancer: surgery in low-risk early-stage cervical cancer, therapy for locally advanced stage and advanced, metastatic, or recurrent setting; and 3) Ovarian cancer: immunotherapy, triplet therapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors along with antiangiogenic agents and PARP inhibitors, and ADCs. In 2023, the field of endometrial cancer treatment witnessed a landmark year, marked by several practice-changing outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors and the reliable efficacy of PARP inhibitors and ADCs.

Background: The increasing rate of excess body weight (EBW) in the global population has led to growing health concerns, including cancer-related EBW. We aimed to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence and deaths linked to EBW in Korean individuals from 2015 to 2030 and to compare its value with various body mass index cutoffs. Methods: Levin’s formula was used to calculate the PAF; the prevalence rates were computed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, while the relative risks of specific cancers related to EBW were estimated based on the results of Korean cohort studies. To account for the 15-year latency period when estimating the PAF in 2020, the prevalence rates from 2015 and attributable cases or deaths from 2020 were used. Results: The PAF attributed to EBW was similar for both cancer incidence and deaths using either the World Health Organization (WHO) Asian-Pacific region standard or a modified Asian standard, with the WHO standard yielding the lowest values. In the Korean population, the PAFs of EBW for cancer incidence were 2.96% in men and 3.61% in women, while those for cancer deaths were 0.67% in men and 3.06% in women in 2020. Additionally, PAFs showed a gradual increase in both sexes until 2030. Conclusion The EBW continues to have a significant impact on cancer incidence and deaths in Korea. Effective prevention strategies targeting the reduction of this modifiable risk factor can substantially decrease the cancer burden.

Background: The increasing rate of excess body weight (EBW) in the global population has led to growing health concerns, including cancer-related EBW. We aimed to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence and deaths linked to EBW in Korean individuals from 2015 to 2030 and to compare its value with various body mass index cutoffs. Methods: Levin’s formula was used to calculate the PAF; the prevalence rates were computed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, while the relative risks of specific cancers related to EBW were estimated based on the results of Korean cohort studies. To account for the 15-year latency period when estimating the PAF in 2020, the prevalence rates from 2015 and attributable cases or deaths from 2020 were used. Results: The PAF attributed to EBW was similar for both cancer incidence and deaths using either the World Health Organization (WHO) Asian-Pacific region standard or a modified Asian standard, with the WHO standard yielding the lowest values. In the Korean population, the PAFs of EBW for cancer incidence were 2.96% in men and 3.61% in women, while those for cancer deaths were 0.67% in men and 3.06% in women in 2020. Additionally, PAFs showed a gradual increase in both sexes until 2030. Conclusion The EBW continues to have a significant impact on cancer incidence and deaths in Korea. Effective prevention strategies targeting the reduction of this modifiable risk factor can substantially decrease the cancer burden.

Background: The increasing rate of excess body weight (EBW) in the global population has led to growing health concerns, including cancer-related EBW. We aimed to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence and deaths linked to EBW in Korean individuals from 2015 to 2030 and to compare its value with various body mass index cutoffs. Methods: Levin’s formula was used to calculate the PAF; the prevalence rates were computed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, while the relative risks of specific cancers related to EBW were estimated based on the results of Korean cohort studies. To account for the 15-year latency period when estimating the PAF in 2020, the prevalence rates from 2015 and attributable cases or deaths from 2020 were used. Results: The PAF attributed to EBW was similar for both cancer incidence and deaths using either the World Health Organization (WHO) Asian-Pacific region standard or a modified Asian standard, with the WHO standard yielding the lowest values. In the Korean population, the PAFs of EBW for cancer incidence were 2.96% in men and 3.61% in women, while those for cancer deaths were 0.67% in men and 3.06% in women in 2020. Additionally, PAFs showed a gradual increase in both sexes until 2030. Conclusion The EBW continues to have a significant impact on cancer incidence and deaths in Korea. Effective prevention strategies targeting the reduction of this modifiable risk factor can substantially decrease the cancer burden.

Purpose: Smoking cessation intervention is one of the key components of successful lung cancer screening program. We investigated the effectiveness and related factors of smoking cessation services provided to the participants in a population-based lung cancer screening trial. Materials and Methods: The Korean Lung Cancer Screening Project (K-LUCAS) is a nationwide, multi-center lung cancer screening trial that evaluates the feasibility of implementing population-based lung cancer screening. All 5,144 current smokers who participated in the K-LUCAS received a mandatory smoking cessation counseling. Changes in smoking status were followed up using a telephone survey in 6 months after lung cancer screening participation. The lung cancer screening’s impact on smoking cessation is analyzed by variations in the smoking cessation interventions provided in screening units. Results: Among 4,136 survey responders, participant’s motivation to quit smoking increased by 9.4% on average after lung cancer screening. After 6 months from the initial screening, 24.3% of participants stopped smoking, and 10.6% of participants had not smoked continuously for at least 6 months after screening. Over 80% of quitters stated that participation in lung cancer screening motivated them to quit smoking. Low-cost public smoking cessation program combined with lung cancer screening increased the abstinence rates. The smokers were three times more likely to quit smoking when the smoking cessation counseling was provided simultaneously with low-dose computed tomography screening results than when provided separately. Conclusion A mandatory smoking cessation intervention integrated with screening result counselling by a physician after participation in lung cancer screening could be effective for increasing smoking cessation attempts.