Background: This study examined adolescent sleep satisfaction and its association with oral health. Methods: This study analyzed data from the 20th Youth Health Behavior Online Survey (2024), ultimately including 54,653adolescents. Subjective oral symptoms were defined as tooth pain when consuming hot or cold foods or beverages, aching or throbbing tooth pain, and gum pain or bleeding within the past 12 months. Sleep-based fatigue recovery was assessed based on self-reported responses regarding the extent to which sleep during the past 7 days was sufficient to recover from fatigue. A complex sample design with weights, stratification, and clustering variables was used for analysis. Results: Female students, high school students, adolescents with lower parental education, and those reporting lower subjectiveeconomic status and academic performance were more likely to report insufficient sleep-related recovery and to experience oral symptoms (p＜0.05). Insufficient sleep-related recovery was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing oral symptoms (odds ratio=1.538; 95% confidence interval: 1.471∼1.608). Conclusion Insufficient sleep is significantly associated with oral symptoms in adolescents. To improve oral health, interventionsshould address sleep-related breathing disorders and strengthen tobacco control strategies, while implementing programs to promote healthy sleep habits alongside existing oral health education.

Background: This study used data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey of Korean adolescents to determine the current trends insecondhand smoke (SHS) among adolescents and to identify the association between the level of exposure to SHS and oral symptoms. Methods: This study employed data that were extracted from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in 2021 andfinally analyzed data from 54,848 adolescents. Oral symptoms were classified into three classes to analyze subjective oral symptoms: Class I for tooth pain when eating or drinking hot or cold foods; Class II for throbbing tooth pain; and Class III for sore or bleeding gums during the recent 12 months. The frequency and place of SHS per week were analyzed for SHS variables. The analysis plan file was created by reflecting weight, stratification variables, and cluster variables for analysis. Results: Among the adolescents, 53.2% were exposed to SHS at least once a week, of which 23.3%, 7.9%, and 40.0% wereexposed at home, school, and in public indoor places. Subjective oral symptom classes I, II, and III were associated with sex, grade, educational level of their fathers and mothers, subjective economic class, and subject academic class. Compared to a group not exposed to SHS, the risk of subjective oral symptom classes I, II, and III was significantly higher in those who were exposed to SHS at least once a week. Conclusion This study identified the association between the level of exposure to SHS and oral symptoms among adolescents.Factors for SHS should be considered to prevent oral symptoms among adolescents, and plans that can control SHS of adolescents should be established.

Background: This study used data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey of Korean adolescents to determine the current trends insecondhand smoke (SHS) among adolescents and to identify the association between the level of exposure to SHS and oral symptoms. Methods: This study employed data that were extracted from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in 2021 andfinally analyzed data from 54,848 adolescents. Oral symptoms were classified into three classes to analyze subjective oral symptoms: Class I for tooth pain when eating or drinking hot or cold foods; Class II for throbbing tooth pain; and Class III for sore or bleeding gums during the recent 12 months. The frequency and place of SHS per week were analyzed for SHS variables. The analysis plan file was created by reflecting weight, stratification variables, and cluster variables for analysis. Results: Among the adolescents, 53.2% were exposed to SHS at least once a week, of which 23.3%, 7.9%, and 40.0% wereexposed at home, school, and in public indoor places. Subjective oral symptom classes I, II, and III were associated with sex, grade, educational level of their fathers and mothers, subjective economic class, and subject academic class. Compared to a group not exposed to SHS, the risk of subjective oral symptom classes I, II, and III was significantly higher in those who were exposed to SHS at least once a week. Conclusion This study identified the association between the level of exposure to SHS and oral symptoms among adolescents.Factors for SHS should be considered to prevent oral symptoms among adolescents, and plans that can control SHS of adolescents should be established.

Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly challenging subtype of breast cancer, with a poorer prognosis compared to other subtypes. Unfortunately, unlike luminal-type cancers, there is no validated biomarker to predict the prognosis of patients with early-stage TNBC. Accurate biomarkers are needed to establish effective therapeutic strategies. Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed gene expression profiles of tumor samples from 184 TNBC patients (training cohort, n=76; validation cohort, n=108) using RNA sequencing. Results: By combining weighted gene expression, we identified a 10-gene signature (DGKH, GADD45B, KLF7, LYST, NR6A1, PYCARD, ROBO1, SLC22A20P, SLC24A3, and SLC45A4) that stratified patients by risk score with high sensitivity (92.31%), specificity (92.06%), and accuracy (92.11%) for invasive disease-free survival. The 10-gene signature was validated in a separate institution cohort and supported by meta-analysis for biological relevance to well-known driving pathways in TNBC. Furthermore, the 10-gene signature was the only independent factor for invasive disease-free survival in multivariate analysis when compared to other potential biomarkers of TNBC molecular subtypes and T-cell receptor β diversity. 10-gene signature also further categorized patients classified as molecular subtypes according to risk scores. Conclusion Our novel findings may help address the prognostic challenges in TNBC and the 10-gene signature could serve as a novel biomarker for risk-based patient care.

Methods: The mixture of IB and DJ extracts was analyzed for its total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and radical scavenging activities. Gastric lesions were induced by treating rats with 1 mL of a solution containing 60% ethanol and 150 mM HCl.The rats were then divided into 5 groups: CON (normal control), HEC (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and distilled water), IBE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and IB extract at 350 mg/kg body weight [BW]), ID30 (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and a mixture of IB and DJ extracts in a 7:3 ratio at 350 mg/kg BW), and DJE (treated with 150 mM HCl-60% ethanol and DJ extract at 350 mg/kg BW). Results: The ID30 group exhibited significantly higher TFC, TPC, and radical scavenging activities than the groups treated with single extracts. This group also showed a notable decrease in the formation of gastric lesions and preservation of gastric wall mucus. In addition, the serum levels of the inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly lower in the ID30 group than in the HEC group. Conclusion The antioxidants present in the ID30 mixture effectively reduced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, mitigating gastric mucosal irritation induced by alcohol and acid. Furthermore, the mixture inhibited gastric acid secretion and inflammatory marker expression, such as TNF-α, preventing tissue damage. These findings suggest that the ID30 mixture is a potential preventative treatment for gastritis.

Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disease characterized by spiking fever, arthralgia, skin rashes, and hyperferritinemia. The rash is usually salmon-colored, non-itchy, accompanied by fever, and disappears with an improvement of fever. However, in some cases, the rash persisted regardless of fever. Here, we present a case of AOSD with an atypical persistent rash that showed histological findings resembling those of neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis. The patient was a 60-year-old woman with high fever, arthralgia, and a persistent flagellated skin rash. Despite systemic steroid treatment, the patient developed a serious complication: macrophage activation syndrome. Since this case presented with an atypical persistent rash with histological resemblance to neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis, we report its contribution to the further study of AOSD.

Background: This study used data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey of Korean adolescents to determine the current trends insecondhand smoke (SHS) among adolescents and to identify the association between the level of exposure to SHS and oral symptoms. Methods: This study employed data that were extracted from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in 2021 andfinally analyzed data from 54,848 adolescents. Oral symptoms were classified into three classes to analyze subjective oral symptoms: Class I for tooth pain when eating or drinking hot or cold foods; Class II for throbbing tooth pain; and Class III for sore or bleeding gums during the recent 12 months. The frequency and place of SHS per week were analyzed for SHS variables. The analysis plan file was created by reflecting weight, stratification variables, and cluster variables for analysis. Results: Among the adolescents, 53.2% were exposed to SHS at least once a week, of which 23.3%, 7.9%, and 40.0% wereexposed at home, school, and in public indoor places. Subjective oral symptom classes I, II, and III were associated with sex, grade, educational level of their fathers and mothers, subjective economic class, and subject academic class. Compared to a group not exposed to SHS, the risk of subjective oral symptom classes I, II, and III was significantly higher in those who were exposed to SHS at least once a week. Conclusion This study identified the association between the level of exposure to SHS and oral symptoms among adolescents.Factors for SHS should be considered to prevent oral symptoms among adolescents, and plans that can control SHS of adolescents should be established.

Background: Various treatment modalities are used to treat keloids. However, a comprehensive assessment comparing the effectiveness of these modalities in terms of patient-reported outcomes is warranted. Objective: To assess and compare the effectiveness of various treatment modalities for keloids. Methods: We assessed treatment outcomes in a cohort of 250 patients diagnosed with keloids.The patients were categorized into four treatment groups: triamcinolone acetonide (TA), TA + cryotherapy, TA + pulsed dye laser (PDL), and TA + cryotherapy + PDL. The Vancouver Scar Scale was used to evaluate the keloid severity before and after treatment. Results: Significant differences were noted in the Vancouver Scale scores among the treatment groups (p=0.023). Notably, the TA + cryotherapy + PDL group exhibited the most substantial improvement in the Vancouver Scale scores, whereas the TA + PDL group showed the least difference. Pliability was the most significantly improved in the TA + cryotherapy + PDL group (p=0.039). Male patients experienced a greater reduction in pigmentation scores than female patients (p=0.037). Conclusion Our findings highlight the effectiveness of combined therapies, particularly TA + cryotherapy + PDL, in improving keloid-related parameters. These results offer valuable insights for clinicians in tailoring keloid treatment strategies and support the implementation of combination therapies for enhanced outcomes. This study underscores the importance of comprehensively assessing treatment modalities for keloid management. Combination therapies such as TA + cryotherapy + PDL irradiation have demonstrated significant promise in improving keloid characteristics.