Objective: To compare two breast cancer screening strategies, digital mammography (DM) plus radiologist-interpreted automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) and DM plus selective ABUS review, in which only examinations positive for DM or flagged by ABUS artificial intelligence–computer-aided diagnosis (AI-CAD) were reviewed by radiologists. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included asymptomatic women who underwent DM and ABUS screening for breast cancer between March 2022 and March 2023. The radiologists’ interpretations of DM and ABUS without AI assistance (DM + ABUS_radiologist) were collected from the clinical radiology reports. A selective DM plus ABUS reading strategy was simulated, in which only cases interpreted as positive in the radiologist’s DM report or flagged by retrospectively applied ABUS AI-CAD were triaged for further evaluation through a full review by radiologists (DM + ABUS_AI-CAD). The cancer detection rate (CDR), sensitivity, specificity, and abnormal interpretation rate (AIR) were calculated and compared between DM + ABUS_ radiologist and DM + ABUS_AI-CAD groups using the McNemar’s test. Results: Among 2,275 women (mean age, 56.1 ± 8.6 years), 12 cancers were diagnosed. The sensitivity, CDR and AIR for DM + ABUS_radiologist was 83.3% (10/12; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 51.6–97.9), 4.4 (10/2,275; 95% CI: 2.1–8.1) per 1,000 screening examinations and 16.7% (379/2,275; 95% CI: 15.1–18.3), respectively. DM + ABUS_AI-CAD triaged 84.0% (1,910/2,275) of the examinations as negative in both DM reports and retrospectively applied ABUS AI-CAD, requiring radiologist reassessment in only 16.0% (365/2,275). This approach reduced the AIR to 7.3% (167/2,275) and improved the specificity from 83.7% (1,894/2,263) to 93.1% (2,107/2,263) (all P < 0.001), while maintaining a CDR of 4.8 per 1,000 and a sensitivity of 91.7% (11/12) (all P > 0.999), compared to the DM + ABUS-radiologist. Conclusion An AI-CAD-assisted selective ABUS reading strategy reduces unnecessary recalls and improves specificity, which may help optimize reading priorities and reduce the reading workload while maintaining cancer detection performance.

Genetic variation in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene has been implicated in metabolic regulation, while the gut microbiome and circulating metabolites are increasingly recognized as mediators of host metabolic phenotype. However, the systems-level interactions among LEPR genotypes, gut microbial composition, and serum metabolomic profiles remain poorly understood, particularly in healthy individuals. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 37 healthy Korean adults. Three LEPR single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1137101, rs1173100, rs790419) were genotyped. Untargeted metabolomics of fasting serum was performed using gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and gut microbiome composition was profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Statistical analysis included principal component analysis, Mann–Whitney U tests, and Spearman correlations. Network analysis integrating microbiome, metabolomic, and clinical phenotype data was conducted using Cytoscape. A total of 54 serum metabolites were identified. LEPR genotypes, particularly rs1137101 and rs1173100, were associated with differences in metabolites such as pimelic acid, malonic acid, and 2,4-dihydroxybutyric acid. Firmicutes negatively correlated with saturated fatty acids and organic acids, whereas Actinobacteria positively correlated with cholesterol and amino acids. Network analysis revealed indole-3-acetate and cholesterol as central nodes linking microbial taxa with body mass index and leptin levels. However, no direct molecular pathways connecting leptin or its receptor were identified. LEPR genetic variation is associated with distinct serum metabolomic patterns and microbiome–host networks in healthy adults. Although no direct leptin signaling links were found, network-level associations suggest indirect genetic influences on metabolic states through microbiome–metabolome interactions.These findings advance understanding of personalized metabolic regulation and gene–microbiome interplay.

Angiogram-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a diagnostic challenge because rebleeding risk persists despite negative initial angiography. We report a rare case of a 65-year-old man presenting with diffuse SAH on initial CT but with negative CTA and transfemoral cerebral angiography (TFCA). Serial follow-up CT scans demonstrated gradual resolution of subarachnoid blood except for persistent prepontine cisternal hemorrhage. On hospital day 7, repeat TFCA revealed a bilobulated pseudoaneurysm arising from a midbasilar perforator artery. The lesion was treated using a modified stent-assisted coiling technique involving partial coil deployment, achieving complete angiographic obliteration with parent artery preservation. Post-procedural diffusion-weighted MRI demonstrated a left pontine infarction, but the patient achieved meaningful functional recovery and returned to work at the 3-month follow-up. This case underscores the necessity of repeat angiography in diffuse angiogram-negative SAH and highlights tailored endovascular strategies for fragile basilar perforator pseudoaneurysm.

Streptococcus gordonii is an oral commensal viridans streptococcus that rarely causes invasive infections such as lung abscess or intracranial empyema. The sequential presentation of concomitant pulmonary and cranial abscesses by this organism is extremely uncommon. A 70-year-old man presented with progressive dyspnea and fever. Chest CT demonstrated a 14.4 × 6.8cm mass like lung lesion consistent with a lung abscess. Percutaneous drainage yielded Streptococcus gordoniii. On hospital day 5 following drainage, patient presented with scalp swelling and headache. Brain MRI revealed a subgaleal abscess with an epidural empyema. Emergent craniectomy and debridement were performed, and cultures again grew Streptococcus gordonii. This case is a rare but clinically significant pattern of sequential presentation of concomitant pulmonary and cranial abscesses caused by Streptococcus gordonii, emphasizing the need for dental evaluation, meticulous inpatient monitoring, and early neuroimaging when viridans streptococci are revealed from deep infections.

Antiviral therapy is an essential treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Although hypophosphatemia is an important adverse effect of antiviral agents, its clinical significance remains unclear. We investigated the incidence and clinical consequences of hypophosphatemia in a large cohort of CHB patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included CHB patients who started antiviral therapy between 2005 and 2015 and continued it for at least 1 year. Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, concomitant diuretic administration, and end-stage renal disease were excluded. The primary outcome was a change in renal function. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of infection and changes in serum potassium, uric acid, and total carbon dioxide (tCO2). Results: Among the 4,335 patients, hypophosphatemia developed in 75 (1.7%). During the median 2-year follow-up period, patients with hypophosphatemia showed a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate than those in the control group. The incidence of infection and changes in serum potassium, uric acid, and tCO2 were similar between groups. Conclusion: Hypophosphatemia was associated with a renal function decline in patients with CHB receiving antiviral therapy.

Background: This study aims to investigate the trend of doctor shopping among patients with rotator cuff tear (RCT) before undergoing surgery and to examine the relevance of these findings to the public. Methods: A survey was conducted of 326 patients from 10 hospitals (male, 176; female, 150) who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) for symptomatic RCT between September 2019 and February 2020. A questionnaire was used to obtain data regarding the type of medical care service, medical institutions visited before surgery, number of treatments received, and cost of treatment. Results: A total of 326 patients (87%) received treatment at least once at another medical institution before visiting the hospital where the surgery was performed. Patients visited an average of 9.4 health providers or physicians for shoulder pain before visiting the hospital where surgery was performed. Among the 326 patients, 148 (45%) visited more than two medical institutions and spent an average of 641,983 Korean won (KRW; $466, 50,000–5,000,000 KRW) before surgery. Medical expenses before surgery were proportional to the number of medical institutions visited (P=0.002), symptom duration (P=0.002), and initial visual analog scale (VAS) pain score (P=0.007) but were not associated with sex, age, VAS pain score immediately before surgery, or RCT size. Conclusions Medical expense before ARCR was associated with the severity of preoperative pain and duration of symptoms. After onset of shoulder symptoms, patients should visit as soon as possible a hospital that has surgeons who specialize in shoulder repair to prevent unnecessary medical expense and proper treatment.Level of evidence: IV.

Background: This study aims to investigate the trend of doctor shopping among patients with rotator cuff tear (RCT) before undergoing surgery and to examine the relevance of these findings to the public. Methods: A survey was conducted of 326 patients from 10 hospitals (male, 176; female, 150) who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) for symptomatic RCT between September 2019 and February 2020. A questionnaire was used to obtain data regarding the type of medical care service, medical institutions visited before surgery, number of treatments received, and cost of treatment. Results: A total of 326 patients (87%) received treatment at least once at another medical institution before visiting the hospital where the surgery was performed. Patients visited an average of 9.4 health providers or physicians for shoulder pain before visiting the hospital where surgery was performed. Among the 326 patients, 148 (45%) visited more than two medical institutions and spent an average of 641,983 Korean won (KRW; $466, 50,000–5,000,000 KRW) before surgery. Medical expenses before surgery were proportional to the number of medical institutions visited (P=0.002), symptom duration (P=0.002), and initial visual analog scale (VAS) pain score (P=0.007) but were not associated with sex, age, VAS pain score immediately before surgery, or RCT size. Conclusions Medical expense before ARCR was associated with the severity of preoperative pain and duration of symptoms. After onset of shoulder symptoms, patients should visit as soon as possible a hospital that has surgeons who specialize in shoulder repair to prevent unnecessary medical expense and proper treatment.Level of evidence: IV.

In the 2023 series, we summarized the major clinical research advances in gynecologic oncology based on communications at the conference of Asian Society of Gynecologic Oncology Review Course. The review consisted of 1) Endometrial cancer: immune checkpoint inhibitor, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), selective inhibitor of nuclear export, CDK4/6 inhibitors WEE1 inhibitor, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. 2) Cervical cancer: surgery in low-risk early-stage cervical cancer, therapy for locally advanced stage and advanced, metastatic, or recurrent setting; and 3) Ovarian cancer: immunotherapy, triplet therapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors along with antiangiogenic agents and PARP inhibitors, and ADCs. In 2023, the field of endometrial cancer treatment witnessed a landmark year, marked by several practice-changing outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors and the reliable efficacy of PARP inhibitors and ADCs.

In the 2023 series, we summarized the major clinical research advances in gynecologic oncology based on communications at the conference of Asian Society of Gynecologic Oncology Review Course. The review consisted of 1) Endometrial cancer: immune checkpoint inhibitor, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), selective inhibitor of nuclear export, CDK4/6 inhibitors WEE1 inhibitor, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. 2) Cervical cancer: surgery in low-risk early-stage cervical cancer, therapy for locally advanced stage and advanced, metastatic, or recurrent setting; and 3) Ovarian cancer: immunotherapy, triplet therapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors along with antiangiogenic agents and PARP inhibitors, and ADCs. In 2023, the field of endometrial cancer treatment witnessed a landmark year, marked by several practice-changing outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors and the reliable efficacy of PARP inhibitors and ADCs.

Viral load and the duration of viral shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are important determinants of the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019.In this study, we examined the effects of viral doses on the lung and spleen of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice by temporal histological and transcriptional analyses. Approximately, 1×105 plaque-forming units (PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 induced strong host responses in the lungs from 2 days post inoculation (dpi) which did not recover until the mice died, whereas responses to the virus were obvious at 5 days, recovering to the basal state by 14 dpi at 1×102 PFU. Further, flow cytometry showed that number of CD8+ T cells continuously increased in 1×102 PFU-virusinfected lungs from 2 dpi, but not in 1×105 PFU-virus-infected lungs. In spleens, responses to the virus were prominent from 2 dpi, and number of B cells was significantly decreased at 1×105PFU; however, 1×102 PFU of virus induced very weak responses from 2 dpi which recovered by 10 dpi. Although the defense responses returned to normal and the mice survived, lung histology showed evidence of fibrosis, suggesting sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings indicate that specific effectors of the immune response in the lung and spleen were either increased or depleted in response to doses of SARS-CoV-2. This study demonstrated that the response of local and systemic immune effectors to a viral infection varies with viral dose, which either exacerbates the severity of the infection or accelerates its elimination.