Nano/microplastics(NMPs),due to their environmental persistence and resistance to degradation,have emerged as a major contributor to global pollution.NMPs are capable of adsorbing various hazardous chemicals and heavy metals,thereby posing threats to aquatic ecosystem health,which may ultimately cause potential risks to human health.Conventional analytical methods suffered from limited resolution,insufficient chemical information,or destruction of sample,invalidating these assays for on-site detection of NMPs.Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)offers distinct advantages such as high sensitivity,superior specificity,rich fingerprint information,and non-destructive analysis,thus facilitating the on-site analysis of NMPs in complex matrices.This review summarized recent advances in SERS substrates for detection of NMPs,discussed the construction and applications of SERS-based multimodal detection strategies,and introduced the research progress of SERS detection of NMPs in food safety,environmental pollution,and bioanalysis.Moreover,the main challenges and future directions of SERS-based NMP detection were outlined.

Objective To establish a stable,reliable,and clinically relevant porcine model of endotoxin-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Ten 8-month-old male Bama minipigs were deeply sedated,followed by invasive mechanical ventilation and electrocardiographic monitoring.Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)was intravenously pumped at 600 μg/(kg·h)for 3 hours,then maintained at 15 μg/(kg·h)thereafter.Dynamic monitoring was performed at five time points after LPS injection(LPS 0,1,3,5,and 8 h),including arterial blood gas analysis and chest computed tomography(CT)scans.Pathological examination of lung tissues obtained via bronchoscopic biopsy(HE staining and transmission electron microscopy)was conducted.These indicators were comprehensively used to evaluate the success of the animal model.Results At 5 hours after LPS administration,8 minipigs developed symptoms such as skin cyanosis,elevated body temperature,and respiratory distress.The oxygenation index decreased to<300 mmHg.Chest CT scans showed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.Histopathology revealed alveolar edema and hyaline membrane formation.Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated disruption of pulmonary blood-air barrier,depletion of lamellar bodies in type Ⅱ pneumocytes,inflammatory cell infiltration,and exudation of plasma proteins and fibrin.Compared with LPS 0 h,at LPS 8 h,the oxygenation index and arterial blood pH were significantly decreased(P<0.001),while blood lactic acid and serum potassium were significantly increased(P<0.05);serum calcium and base excess were significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the lung injury score based on HE-stained lung sections was significantly increased(P<0.01).Conclusion The porcine ARDS model established by continuous LPS injection can dynamically simulate the pathophysiological characteristics and typical pathological manifestations of clinical septic ARDS,making it an effective tool to study the pathogenesis,prevention,and treatment strategies of septic ARDS.

Objective To use imaging features of pulmonary nodules to predict the risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with cT1-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), providing a reference for clinical decision-making. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the imaging features and postoperative pathological results of cT1 NSCLC patients who underwent surgical treatment at Linyi People’s Hospital from July 2019 to July 2022. Patients were grouped and analyzed according to lymph node metastasis status. Results A total of 1 123 patients were included, comprising 471 males and 652 females, with a median age of 59 (52, 66) years. Comparative analysis revealed that sex, age, nodule location, nodule size on imaging, solid component size, consolidation tumor ratio (CTR), average CT value, and tumor proximity to the pleura all influenced lymph node metastasis. A nomogram was constructed, indicating that the probability of lymph node metastasis in cT1 NSCLC was positively correlated with solid component size, CTR, and average CT value of the pulmonary nodule, and negatively correlated with patient age. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.929. Conclusion For cT1 NSCLC patients, the probability of lymph node metastasis can be predicted by measuring the solid component size, CTR, and average CT value of the pulmonary nodule, in conjunction with patient age. However, relying solely on pulmonary nodule imaging characteristics is insufficient to determine a specific lymph node dissection strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences of plasma valine level between autistic and healthy children, and to explore the relationship between plasma valine level and developmental quotient in children with autism. METHODS: In this study, a total of 29 autistic children and 30 typically developing children of the same age range were recruited as the autistic group and the control group. The childhood autism rating scale (CARS) was used to assess autistic core symptoms and severity in the autistic children. Children's developmental quotient was evaluated by Gesell developmental schedules (GDS), and plasma valine level was measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The correlation between plasma valine level and developmental quotient scores in the autistic group was analyzed. RESULTS: The plasma level of valine in the autism group was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). Children in the autism group got significantly lower scores in the adaption, gross motor, fine motor, language function and personal/social function subscales in GDS than in the control group (P < 0.000 1). Plasma valine level in the autism group showed significant positive correlations with scores of the fine motor (r=0.441, P < 0.05) and personal/social function (r=0.437, P < 0.05) subscales in GDS, but showed no significant correlations with scores of the adaption, gross motor and language function subscales in GDS (P>0.05). According to the criteria of CARS, children in the autism group were subdivided into the mild to moderate subgroup and the severe subgroup based on the severity of the autistic symptoms. Compared with children in the mild to moderate subgroup, children in the severe subgroup got significantly lower scores in the adaption, fine motor, language function and personal/social function subscales in GDS (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two subgroups in gross motor scores and plasma valine level (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The level of valine in plasma of autistic children is relatively lower, and there is a certain relationship between plasma valine level and the fine movement and personal/social function among children with autism.
Humans ; Autistic Disorder/physiopathology* ; Child ; Male ; Female ; Valine/blood* ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Case-Control Studies

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease that has been prevalent since December 2019. Chinese medicine (CM) has demonstrated its unique advantages in the fight against COVID-19 in the areas of disease prevention, improvement of clinical symptoms, and control of disease progression. This review summarized the relevant material components of CM in the treatment of COVID-19 by searching the relevant literature and reports on CM in the treatment of COVID-19 and combining with the physiological and pathological characteristics of the novel coronavirus. On the basis of sorting out experimental methods in vivo and in vitro, the mechanism of herb action was further clarified in terms of inhibiting virus invasion and replication and improving related complications. The aim of the article is to explore the strengths and characteristics of CM in the treatment of COVID-19, and to provide a basis for the research and scientific, standardized treatment of COVID-19 with CM.
Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects* ; COVID-19/therapy* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology* ; Animals

Premature ovarian insufficiency(POI),also known as premature ovarian failure(POF),is one of the major causes of female infertility.Its incidence has been increasing year by year,seriously af-fecting women's reproductive health and becoming an increasingly serious public health problem world-wide.The pathogenesis of POI is complex and may be related to genetic,immune and environmental fac-tors,but in recent years,oxidative stress(OS)has received widespread attention as a key factor that can affect the function of ovarian granulosa cells(GCs),which can lead to the occurrence of POI.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)regulate the proliferation,survival and apoptosis of GCs through multiple signaling pathways,such as PI3K-Akt,MAPK,TGF-β/Smad,Notch,etc.AMPK and mitochondrial autophagy play important roles in attenuating the ROS damage and protecting the ovarian function.Excessive ROS disrupts the autophagy and lysosomal functions,leading to the accumulation of intracellular waste prod-ucts,thus affecting the physiological function and endocrine stability of GCs.In addition,OS can in-crease the risk of POI by affecting hormone synthesis and disrupting the function of GCs,leading to an imbalance in estrogen and progesterone levels.Herein we review the mechanism of OS in POI,explore how OS affects ovarian decline through the regulation of signaling pathways and cellular functions,and provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of POI,which in turn provides new research ideas for its early diagnosis and prevention.

Premature ovarian insufficiency(POI),also known as premature ovarian failure(POF),is one of the major causes of female infertility.Its incidence has been increasing year by year,seriously af-fecting women's reproductive health and becoming an increasingly serious public health problem world-wide.The pathogenesis of POI is complex and may be related to genetic,immune and environmental fac-tors,but in recent years,oxidative stress(OS)has received widespread attention as a key factor that can affect the function of ovarian granulosa cells(GCs),which can lead to the occurrence of POI.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)regulate the proliferation,survival and apoptosis of GCs through multiple signaling pathways,such as PI3K-Akt,MAPK,TGF-β/Smad,Notch,etc.AMPK and mitochondrial autophagy play important roles in attenuating the ROS damage and protecting the ovarian function.Excessive ROS disrupts the autophagy and lysosomal functions,leading to the accumulation of intracellular waste prod-ucts,thus affecting the physiological function and endocrine stability of GCs.In addition,OS can in-crease the risk of POI by affecting hormone synthesis and disrupting the function of GCs,leading to an imbalance in estrogen and progesterone levels.Herein we review the mechanism of OS in POI,explore how OS affects ovarian decline through the regulation of signaling pathways and cellular functions,and provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of POI,which in turn provides new research ideas for its early diagnosis and prevention.

This study was aimed at exploring the epidemiological characteristics of plague,and the evolutionary relation-ships among the isolated plague strains in the Yunnan border area,to provide clues for further studying epidemic causes and ep-idemiological patterns.Plague epidemic data in the border area during the second epidemic period(1982-2007)were collected and analyzed with descriptive epidemiological methods.Whole genome sequences of 262 strains of Yersinia pestis in the border area were obtained for phylogenetic analysis.Plague outbreaks occurred in 17 counties(cities)among 25 border counties(cit-ies);a total of 552 epidemic foci and 123 human cases were identified.The 1.ORI2,1.ORI3,1.IN3,2.ANT and 2.MED geno-types were identified among Yersinia pestis isolated from the Yunnan border area,among which the 1.ORI2 population was dominant.A total of 258 strains of Yersinia pestis from the 1.OR12 population belonged to four subclusters.The Myanmar and Vietnam clade was embedded within the Yunnan clade in the overall phylogeny.The above results indicated that during the sec-ond period of the epidemic,the intensity of plague epidemics in Yunnan's border areas was high,showing a trend of devel-opment from west to south and east.Our findings indicated a risk of cross-border transmission of plague between Yunnan and neighboring countries;therefore,the surveillance,pre-vention,and control of plague in border areas should be strengthened.

As artificial intelligence technology rapidly advances, its deployment within the medical sector presents substantial ethical challenges. Consequently, it becomes crucial to create a standardized, transparent, and secure framework for processing medical data. This includes setting the ethical boundaries for medical artificial intelligence and safeguarding both patient rights and data integrity. This consensus governs every facet of medical data handling through artificial intelligence, encompassing data gathering, processing, storage, transmission, utilization, and sharing. Its purpose is to ensure the management of medical data adheres to ethical standards and legal requirements, while safeguarding patient privacy and data security. Concurrently, the principles of compliance with the law, patient privacy respect, patient interest protection, and safety and reliability are underscored. Key issues such as informed consent, data usage, intellectual property protection, conflict of interest, and benefit sharing are examined in depth. The enactment of this expert consensus is intended to foster the profound integration and sustainable advancement of artificial intelligence within the medical domain, while simultaneously ensuring that artificial intelligence adheres strictly to the relevant ethical norms and legal frameworks during the processing of medical data.
Artificial Intelligence/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Humans ; Consensus ; Computer Security/standards* ; Confidentiality/ethics* ; Informed Consent/ethics*

Objective: To analyze the current situation, influencing factors and mechanism of knowledge-attitude-practice(KAP) regarding acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)/sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) among migrant workers in Chengdu's main urban area, so as to provide a basis for the development of effective prevention and control policies for this group. Methods: Convenience sampling and systematic sampling were used to collect demographic information and data on knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behavior characteristics of AIDS/STDs of the participants. The collected data were organized and statistically analyzed by EpiData 3.1 and SPSS 26.0 software. Additionally, a KAP path analysis model was constructed by using AMOS 24.0 software. Results: A total of 257 valid questionnaires were obtained. The AIDS awareness rate was 55.6%, with a mean scores of(5.59±1.61). The awareness rate of STDs was 37.4%, with a mean scores of(9.05±3.00). Discrimination attitudes towards AIDS and STDs were reported by 58 participants(22.6%) and 44 participants(17.1%) respectively. The prevalence of high-risk sexual behavior was 3.50%. Men(OR=0.500, 95%CI: 0.279-0.897) acted as deterrents to knowledge of AIDS. On the other hand, childlessness facilitated discrimination against AIDS(OR=2.748, 95%CI: 1.385-5.451) and STDs(OR=2.287, 95%CI: 1.084-4.825). There was lower likelihood of engaging in high-risk sexual behavior among migrant workers in Chengdu's main urban area who were older(OR=0.854, 95%CI: 0.785-0.929). The occurrence of high-risk sexual behaviors was influenced both directly and indirectly by attitudes towards AIDS and related knowledge. There was a positive correlation between knowledge about AIDS and STDs and attitudes towards them(r=0.15,0.24, bothP<0.05), as well as between attitudes towards AIDS and attitudes towards STDs(r=0.57,P<0.05). That is, the higher the scores of knowledge, the less likely one was to hold discrimination attitudes. Therefore, increasing the rate of knowledge awareness could reduce discrimination towards AIDS/STDs and the occurrence of high-risk sexual behaviors. Conclusion The level of AIDS/STDs knowledge among the migrant workers in Chengdu′s main urban area is concerning. Innovative interventions should be intensified in key areas and populations.