Phyllodes tumors are rare biphasic fibroepithelial breast neoplasms classified as benign, borderline, or malignant. Despite their rarity, malignant variants carry higher risks of recurrence and metastasis. This review synthesizes current evidence on their clinical, histopathological, and molecular characteristics, including treatment strategies and prognostic factors, emphasizing tailored management. We performed a comprehensive literature review to summarize knowledge on clinical presentation, imaging, histopathological features, surgical treatment, adjuvant therapy, and outcomes. Recent genomic and molecular research was also evaluated to identify future directions. Persistent challenges include a lack of consensus on optimal surgical margins, adjuvant radiotherapy, and follow-up protocols, highlighting the need for larger, high-quality studies. Advances in molecular profiling suggest potential for targeted therapies, especially in aggressive or metastatic cases. Due to clinical heterogeneity and the limited accuracy of core biopsies, definitive grading based on surgical histopathology remains essential for treatment planning. This review offers an updated perspective on phyllodes tumor management, identifies critical gaps, and suggests priorities for future research.

Purpose: Cystic duct cancers (CDCs) have been classified as extrahepatic bile duct cancers or gallbladder cancers (GBCs); however, it is unclear whether their clinical behavior is similar to that of distal extrahepatic bile duct cancers (DBDCs) or GBCs. Materials and Methods: T category of the CDCs was classified using current T category scheme of the GBCs and DBDCs, and clinicopathological factors were compared among 38 CDCs, 345 GBCs, and 349 DBDCs. We modified Nakata’s classifications (type 1, confined within cystic duct [CD]; combined types 2-4, extension beyond CD) and compared them. Results: No significant overall survival (OS) difference was observed between the patients with CDC, GBC, and DBDC. The T category of GBC staging was more accurate at distinguishing OS in patients with CDC than the DBDC staging. Patients with T3 CDC and GBC showed a significant OS difference when using the T category for GBC staging, while those with T1-T2 CDC and GBC showed no significant difference. In contrast, the T category of DBDC staging did not show any significant OS difference between patients with T1-T2 CDC and DBDC or T3 CDC and DBDC. Patients with type 1 CDC had significantly better OS than those with combined types. Conclusion Unlike GBCs and DBDCs, CDCs exhibit distinct clinicopathological characteristics. The OS is better when the CDC confines within the CD, compared to when it extends beyond it. Therefore, we propose a new T category scheme (T1, confined to CD; T2, invaded beyond CD) for better classifying CDCs.

Purpose: Cystic duct cancers (CDCs) have been classified as extrahepatic bile duct cancers or gallbladder cancers (GBCs); however, it is unclear whether their clinical behavior is similar to that of distal extrahepatic bile duct cancers (DBDCs) or GBCs. Materials and Methods: T category of the CDCs was classified using current T category scheme of the GBCs and DBDCs, and clinicopathological factors were compared among 38 CDCs, 345 GBCs, and 349 DBDCs. We modified Nakata’s classifications (type 1, confined within cystic duct [CD]; combined types 2-4, extension beyond CD) and compared them. Results: No significant overall survival (OS) difference was observed between the patients with CDC, GBC, and DBDC. The T category of GBC staging was more accurate at distinguishing OS in patients with CDC than the DBDC staging. Patients with T3 CDC and GBC showed a significant OS difference when using the T category for GBC staging, while those with T1-T2 CDC and GBC showed no significant difference. In contrast, the T category of DBDC staging did not show any significant OS difference between patients with T1-T2 CDC and DBDC or T3 CDC and DBDC. Patients with type 1 CDC had significantly better OS than those with combined types. Conclusion Unlike GBCs and DBDCs, CDCs exhibit distinct clinicopathological characteristics. The OS is better when the CDC confines within the CD, compared to when it extends beyond it. Therefore, we propose a new T category scheme (T1, confined to CD; T2, invaded beyond CD) for better classifying CDCs.

Purpose: Cystic duct cancers (CDCs) have been classified as extrahepatic bile duct cancers or gallbladder cancers (GBCs); however, it is unclear whether their clinical behavior is similar to that of distal extrahepatic bile duct cancers (DBDCs) or GBCs. Materials and Methods: T category of the CDCs was classified using current T category scheme of the GBCs and DBDCs, and clinicopathological factors were compared among 38 CDCs, 345 GBCs, and 349 DBDCs. We modified Nakata’s classifications (type 1, confined within cystic duct [CD]; combined types 2-4, extension beyond CD) and compared them. Results: No significant overall survival (OS) difference was observed between the patients with CDC, GBC, and DBDC. The T category of GBC staging was more accurate at distinguishing OS in patients with CDC than the DBDC staging. Patients with T3 CDC and GBC showed a significant OS difference when using the T category for GBC staging, while those with T1-T2 CDC and GBC showed no significant difference. In contrast, the T category of DBDC staging did not show any significant OS difference between patients with T1-T2 CDC and DBDC or T3 CDC and DBDC. Patients with type 1 CDC had significantly better OS than those with combined types. Conclusion Unlike GBCs and DBDCs, CDCs exhibit distinct clinicopathological characteristics. The OS is better when the CDC confines within the CD, compared to when it extends beyond it. Therefore, we propose a new T category scheme (T1, confined to CD; T2, invaded beyond CD) for better classifying CDCs.

Purpose: To identify factors associated with retinal tears in eyes presenting with fundus-obscuring vitreous hemorrhage (FOVH) of unknown cause and to evaluate surgical findings and visual outcomes following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent 23-gauge or 25-gauge PPV for acute-onset FOVH, defined as a dense vitreous hemorrhage obscuring both the posterior pole and peripheral retina across at least three quadrants with a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of counting fingers or worse at presentation. Etiologies of FOVH were identified intraoperatively, and subsequent analyses focused on the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and surgical outcomes of eyes diagnosed with retinal tears. Results: Among the 8 9 eyes in cluded, retinal tears were the most common etiology (38.2%), followed by retinal vascular occlusion (27.0%), and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (13.5%). Eyes with retinal tears were significantly younger (57.2 vs. 67.9 years, p <0.001) and less likely to have diabetes (5.9 vs. 41.8%, p <0.001) compared with those without retinal tears. In a multivariate analysis, younger age (p < 0.001) and absence of diabetes (p = 0.007) were independent predictors of retinal tears. Among eyes with retinal tears, the mean duration from symptom onset to surgery was 9.2 days. Most eyes (67.6%) had a single tear, and in 79.4%, the largest tear was in the superior quadrant. No cases of macular-off retinal detachment or proliferative vitreoretinopathy were observed. At final follow-up, 82.4% of the eyes achieved a BCVA of 20/20, with no cases of reoperation. Conclusions Retinal tears are commonly identified intraoperatively in eyes presenting with FOVH, with younger age and absence of diabetes significantly associated with their presence. Despite delayed surgery, favorable anatomical and visual outcomes were achieved.Given the frequent localization of tears in the superior retina, careful peripheral inspection during vitrectomy is essential for detecting treatable pathology.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a deep learning regression model using macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to predict estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from patients who underwent preoperative evaluation for cataract surgery, including spectral-domain OCT (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering) images, blood test–derived eGFR, and ocular biometry.A dual-input regression model based on a modified ResNet-18 architecture was constructed to process simultaneously horizontal and vertical B-scan macular OCT images. The model’s predicted eGFR was further combined with patient age, sex, presence of diabetes and hypertension, and axial length using a Random Forest regression algorithm to create a hybrid model. Model performance was assessed using the root mean squared error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2 ). Gradient-weighted regression activation mapping (GradRAM) was applied for visualization to assess the anatomical regions contributing to predictions. Results: A total of 101 eyes from 101 patients were included. The ResNet-18 model achieved an eGFR prediction accuracy with an R2of 0.89 and an RMSE of 4.23. The Random Forest hybrid model further improved predictive performance, achieving an R2 of 0.94 and an RMSE of 3.64. The mean absolute error (MAE) across the full cohort was 3.69 ± 2.08 mL/min/1.73 m2 . Among the 10 most accurately predicted cases, the MAE was as low as 0.42 ± 0.20 mL/min/1.73 m2 , while the 10 least accurate cases showed an MAE of 7.44 ± 0.92 mL/ min/1.73 m2 . Grad-RAM visualizations revealed predominant activation in the choroidal region of vertical OCT images. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate accurate prediction of renal function from macular OCT images using deep learning.The dual-input architecture and Grad-RAM visualization enabled high prediction performance and partial anatomical interpretability.These findings support the potential of OCT-based oculomics for systemic disease assessment.

Purpose: Human breast milk (HBM) contains immune components that produced and delivered from the mother along with nutrients necessary for the baby. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA molecule, that is used as an ideal biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and are more abundant in HBM. We analyzed and compared the immune components and miRNAs of HBM. Methods: HBM were collected from 20 healthy breastfeeding mothers. We measured the amount of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and extracted the miRNAs from each breast milk samples. Next, the top 5 and bottom 5 expressed miRNAs were compared and analyzed based on the amounts of the 3 immune components. Results: The mean levels and ranges of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA were 6.33 (2.24–14.77)×106 ng/mL, 9.90 (1.42–17.59)×107 pg/mL, and 6.64 (0.48–20.01)×105 ng/mL, respectively. The miRNAs concentration per 1 mL of skim milk was 40.54 (14.95–110.01) ng/μL. Comparing the bottom 5 and top 5 groups of each immune component, 19 miRNAs were significantly upregulated (6, 9, and 4 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively) and 21 were significantly downregulated (4, 9, and 8 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively). There were no miRNAs that were expressed significantly higher or lower in common to all 3 components.However, 2 and 3 miRNAs were commonly overexpressed and underexpressed, in the top 5 groups of lysozyme and IgA concentrations. Conclusion We identified the immune components and miRNAs in breast milk and found that each individual has different ingredients.