BACKGROUND:Macrophage subtypes exhibit tissue heterogeneity,and the adipose tissue macrophage phenotype is largely influenced by obesity.Local and systemic inflammatory responses caused by obese adipose tissue macrophages are considered a vital pathological mechanism of obesity-associated metabolic diseases.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the inflammatory characteristics of different macrophage subtypes in adipose tissue and their relationship with obesity-associated metabolic diseases,aiming to provide a reference basis for targeting specific macrophage subtypes to explore preventive and treatment strategies for obesity-associated metabolic diseases.METHODS:Literature retrieval was conducted in CNKI and PubMed using Chinese and English search terms "obesity,adipose tissue,adipose tissue macrophage,macrophage polarisation,metabolic diseases." The search results were accepted or excluded according to the inclusion criteria.Ninety-one papers that met the criteria were finally included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Macrophages have tissue heterogeneity.Under normal conditions,adipose tissue macrophages are mainly composed of anti-inflammatory M2 resident macrophages,which maintain tissue inflammation homeostasis.Under obese conditions,a large number of foreign infiltrating macrophages surround hypertrophic adipocytes,and most of them exhibit pro-inflammatory characteristics.Therefore,it is believed that adipose tissue macrophages of pro-inflammatory M1 type may actually be a collection of multiple pro-inflammatory subtypes.Further understanding of the characteristics of various pro-inflammatory subtypes helps us to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying inflammatory disorders in obese adipose tissue.(2) In obesity,foreign infiltrating macrophages form crown-like structures around hypertrophic adipocytes.Currently,six different subtypes of the crown-like structure have been identified,most of which exhibit pro-inflammatory properties and a few of which possess anti-inflammatory characteristics.Thus,taking full advantage of the anti-inflammatory subtypes while inhibiting the differentiation of the pro-inflammatory subtypes may be a new target for alleviating inflammatory damage in obese adipose tissue.(3) M3,Mme,CD9+and LAM adipose tissue macrophage subtypes have been found to be involved in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis,diabetes,insulin resistance,and cancer.DARC+and Mfehi adipose tissue macrophage subtypes play a vital role in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,obesity insulin resistance,iron death,and other related metabolic diseases.The above studies further suggest that inflammatory disorders caused by externally infiltrated macrophages in obese adipose tissue are an important pathological basis for obesity-induced metabolic diseases.Further in-depth research on the characteristics of various subtypes has important theoretical and practical significance.

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness and safety of fluorescence thoracoscopy-assisted temporary occlusion of pulmonary arteries and veins during sublobar resection for the treatment of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods:This is a prospective cohort study. Patients with early-stage NSCLC who underwent fluorescence thoracoscopy-assisted temporary occlusion of pulmonary arteries and veins for sublobar resection in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January to April 2024 were included. Based on whether the artery or vein was blocked during surgery, the patients were divided into the arterial group and the venous group. The surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, distance from the lesion to the resection margin, and boundary duration were collected and compared between the two groups. Independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, or χ2 test was used to compare the data between the two groups. Results:A total of 64 patients were enrolled. There were 25 males and 39 females, aged (57.3±12.1) years (range: 34 to 80 years). The tumor diameter was (9.8±2.9) mm (range: 5 to 16 mm). The distance between the surgical margin and the lesion was (16.5±3.9) mm (range: 10 to 30 mm) and the surgical time was (61.5±13.9) minutes (range: 30 to 120 minutes). Pathological examination of the surgical specimens showed that all margins met pathological requirements. The chest drainage tube retention time ( M(IQR)) was 2 (1) days (range: 1 to 7 days), and no serious postoperative complications occurred. The boundary duration for the arterial group ( n=23) and venous group ( n=41) was (147.9±22.2) seconds (range: 119 to 188 seconds) and (40.9±8.0) seconds (range: 20 to 60 seconds), respectively ( t=27.935, P<0.01). Conclusion:Fluorescence thoracoscopy-assisted temporary occlusion of pulmonary arteries and veins can effectively and accurately delineate surgical resection boundaries, ensuring sufficient margin width to meet oncological requirements.

Abstract Inhibitor of DNA binding 1(ID1) is a crucial regulator of cell differentiation and plays a significant role in maintaining normal hematopoietic differentiation and development. Due to the lack of DNA-binding motif, ID1 functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor of basic helix-loop-helix factors to antagonize their abilities to bind to DNA and transcriptionally regulate target genes. Abnormal expression of ID1 is strongly associated with various hematologic disorders, including myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma and myeloproliferative neoplasms. ID1 acts as a potential oncogene by participating in multiple signaling pathways that promote the malignant proliferation, invasion and therapy resistance in leukemic cells. Significant strides have yielded promising antileukemic effects of ID1 inhibitors, both alone and in combination with targeted therapies against oncogenic signaling pathways. Here, we review the relationship between ID1 expression and the initiation and progression of blood disorders, and summarize the clinical significance of ID1 as a novel therapeutic target and potential prognostic biomarker for hematologic malignancies.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of transmural follicle-activating herbal medicine combined with electroacupuncture in luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome (LUFS).Methods:A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted. Totally 90 LUFS patients in our hospital from November 2018 to January 2021 were selected as the observation subjects, and were divided into three groups using a random number table method, with 30 patients in each group. The Chinese materia medica group was treated with transmural follicle-activating herbal medicine, the acupuncture-medicine combination group was treated with transmural follicle-activating herbal medicine + electroacupuncture, and the Western medicine group was treated with injection of chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The ovarian blood flow pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of patients before and after treatment were observed. Chemiluminescence was used to detect the levels of estradiol (E 2), progesterone (P), and LH. Ovulation, pregnancy, and LUFS recurrence and adverse reactions after treatment were observed, and clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results:The total effective rate of the acupuncture-medicine combination group was 86.67% (26/30), the Chinese materia medica group was 63.33% (19/30), and the Western medicine group was 60.00% (18/30). There was a statistical significance among the three groups ( χ2=6.03, P=0.049). After treatment, there was a statistical significance in ovarian blood flow PI (1.57 ± 0.51 vs. 1.85 ± 0.56 vs. 1.90 ± 0.61, F=2.03), RI (0.48 ± 0.14 vs. 0.57 ± 0.18 vs. 0.62 ± 0.20, F=2.16) ( P<0.05); the serum E 2 [(322.60 ± 62.31) ng/L vs. (289.58 ± 55.45) ng/L vs. (291.17 ± 63.69) ng/L, F=2.26], P [(16.36 ± 4.14) μg/L vs. (13.45 ± 3.68) μg/L vs. (13.71 ± 3.50) μg/L, F=3.58], LH [(27.19 ± 5.04) IU/ml vs. (21.52 ± 4.66) IU/ml vs. (22.58 ± 4.80) IU/ml, F=3.68] levels were compared, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05, P<0.01). The ovulation rate [93.33% (28/30) vs. 66.67% (20/30) vs. 63.33% (19/30), χ2=13.01] and pregnancy rate [53.33% (16/30) vs. 30.00% (9/30) vs. 26.67% (8/30), χ2=6.11], the recurrence rate of LUFS [19.23% (5/26) vs. 47.37% (9/19) vs. 55.56% (10/18), χ2=6.94] in the needle-medicine combination group, the Chinese materia medica group and the Western medicine group after treatment were significantly different ( P<0.05). During the treatment period, there was no statistical significance in the occurrence of adverse reactions among the three groups ( χ2=2.02, P=0.364). Conclusion:The transmural follicle-activating herbal medicine combined with electroacupuncture demonstrates superior efficacy in LUFS management by improving ovarian perfusion and endocrine function, with higher ovulation/pregnancy rates and lower recurrence.

With the growing emphasis on maternal and child oral health, the significance of managing oral health across preconception, pregnancy, and infancy stages has become increasingly apparent. Oral health challenges extend beyond affecting maternal well-being, exerting profound influences on fetal and neonatal oral development as well as immune system maturation. This expert consensus paper, developed using a modified Delphi method, reviews current research and provides recommendations on maternal and child oral health management. It underscores the critical role of comprehensive oral assessments prior to conception, diligent oral health management throughout pregnancy, and meticulous oral hygiene practices during infancy. Effective strategies should be seamlessly integrated across the life course, encompassing preconception oral assessments, systematic dental care during pregnancy, and routine infant oral hygiene. Collaborative efforts among pediatric dentists, maternal and child health workers, and obstetricians are crucial to improving outcomes and fostering clinical research, contributing to evidence-based health management strategies.
Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Infant ; Consensus ; Mouth Diseases/therapy* ; Pregnancy Complications/therapy* ; Oral Health ; Infant, Newborn ; Delphi Technique ; Oral Hygiene

BACKGROUND:Dysfunction of macrophage efferocytosis can induce local and systemic inflammatory damage and is associated with a variety of obesity-related metabolic diseases.Moreover,compounds targeting efferocytosis have shown good therapeutic effects. OBJECTIVE:By reviewing the effects of obesity on macrophage efferocytosis,to analyze the key mechanism by which obesity inhibits efferocytosis,to summarize the research progress in compounds targeting efferocytosis to treat obesity-related metabolic diseases,so as to provide new ideas for fully understanding efferocytosis and its relationship with metabolic diseases,aiming to provide new strategies for disease prevention and treatment. METHODS:The English search terms were"efferocytosis,metabolism,obesity,obese,atherosclerosis,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,neurodegeneration,tumor,osteoarthritis,diabetes,compound,medicine,treatment,"which were used for literature retrieval in PubMed and Web of Science.The Chinese search term was"efferocytosis,"which was used for literature retrieval in CNKI,VIP and WanFang datebases.Ninety-nine papers were finally included in the review analysis after a rigorous screening process. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the process of efferocytosis,the"Find me"and"Eat me"processes involving a large number of apoptotic cell derived factors are mainly regulated by apoptotic cells.The efferocytosis factor involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and digestion are mainly derived from macrophages,which are crucial for efferocytosis activity.These results suggest that the"Find me"and"Eat me"factors mainly reflect the condition of apoptosis,and it is more scientific to select the expression of factors involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and digestion when evaluating the efferocytosis activity of macrophages.Obesity inhibits efferocytosis,and shows an inhibitory effect on most digestive factors,but has a stress-induced activation effect on most"Find me,""Eat me"and cytoskeletal recombination factors,which further indicates the decisive effect of digestive stage on efferocytosis and suggests that it is not reliable for some studies to evaluate the efferocytosis based on the increased expression of"Find me"and"Eat me"factors.Targeting cytokines in the digestive phase may be more effective when discussing future intervention strategies targeting macrophages efferocytosis.The efferocytosis activators of macrophages are effective in the treatment of various metabolic diseases,but the efferocytosis inhibitors in tumor tissue show good anticancer effects,suggesting that the role of efferocytosis should be rationally evaluated according to the characteristics of tissue inflammation.Efferocytosis is a relatively new concept proposed in 2003,with a short research history and complex efferocytosis factors.Current studies on obesity and efferocytosis only involve a tip of the iceberg and most of them are at a superficial level and a large number of scientific experiments are needed to further validate the mechanisms.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of single-balloon and double-balloon enteroscopy in diagnosing pediatric small bowel diseases and assess the diagnostic efficacy of computed tomography enterography (CTE) for small bowel diseases using enteroscopy as the reference standard. METHODS: Clinical data from 576 children who underwent enteroscopy at Hunan Children's Hospital between January 2017 and December 2023 were retrospectively collected. The children were categorized based on enteroscopy type into the single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE) group (n=457) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) group (n=119), and the clinical data were compared between the two groups. The sensitivity and specificity of CTE for diagnosing small bowel diseases were evaluated using enteroscopy results as the standard. RESULTS: Among the 576 children, small bowel lesions were detected by enteroscopy in 274 children (47.6%).There was no significant difference in lesion detection rates or complication rates between the SBE and DBE groups (P>0.05), but the DBE group had deeper insertion, longer procedure time, and higher complete small bowel examination rate (P<0.05). The complication rate during enteroscopy was 4.3% (25/576), with 18 cases (3.1%) of mild complications and 7 cases (1.2%) of severe complications, which improved with symptomatic treatment, surgical, or endoscopic intervention. Among the 412 children who underwent CTE, the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing small bowel diseases were 44.4% and 71.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SBE and DBE have similar diagnostic efficacy for pediatric small bowel diseases, but DBE is preferred for suspected deep small bowel lesions and comprehensive small bowel examination. Enteroscopy in children demonstrates relatively good overall safety. CTE demonstrates relatively low sensitivity but comparatively high specificity for diagnosing small bowel diseases.
Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Double-Balloon Enteroscopy/statistics & numerical data* ; Single-Balloon Enteroscopy/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Operative Time ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/statistics & numerical data* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Intestine, Small/surgery* ; Intestinal Diseases/surgery*

Isosteviol is a tetracyclic diterpenoid compound obtained by hydrolysis of natural stevia glycoside under acidic conditions. It has many pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Due to its low water solubility, low activity and low bioavailability, isosteviol has poor performance. In order to overcome these shortcomings, scholars have obtained a large number of isosteviol derivatives with novel structures and excellent activity. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the research on the structure modification, biological activity, structure-activity relationship and microbial transformation of isosteviol, in order to provide a reference for the development of new drugs of isosteviol and its derivatives.

The essential public health services is an important component of China's health risk governance system.It possesses both institutional and emotional attributes and addresses potential risk factors in health risk governance by forming a rational pathway and an emotional pathway:essential public health services guide-trust in government enhancement-improve health risk governance capacity.The rational pathway strengthens calculative trust through institutional reinforcement mechanisms,fostering the public's cognitive trust in government departments.The emotional pathway follows the principle of satisfaction,strengthening non-calculative trust through emotional communication and cultivating the public's emotional trust in government departments.By reinforcing both cognitive and emotional trust among the public,essential public health services improved the level of health information reserves and the guidance of medical service order,thereby improving health risk governance capacity.

Objective:To investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of intersegmental vein-centered planning sublobectomy (VCPS) in the treatment of intersegmental early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 68 patients with early-stage NSCLC who underwent VCPS in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University from May to November 2023 were successively included. A group of 71 patients who underwent combined segmentectomy or subsegmentectomy (CSS) during the same period was selected as the control. Preoperative three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology was used for surgical planning in the VCPS group, with tumor resection centered around intersegmental veins during the operation. In the CSS group, combined segment or subsegment resection was performed based on preoperative 3D planning. The operative time, complications, resection margin distance, hospitalization costs, and short-term follow-up results of both groups were compared.Results:The VCPS group included 29 males (42.6%) and 39 females (57.4%), with the age of (61±11) years and the tumor diameter of (10.4±3.1) mm; the postoperative pathology types revealed adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) in 31 cases (45.6%), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) in 23 cases (33.8%), and invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) in 14 cases (20.6%). The CSS group included 27 males (38.0%) and 44 females (62.0%), with the age of (59± 11) years and the tumor diameter of (9.9±2.9) mm; the postoperative pathology types revealed AIS in 31 cases (43.7%), MIA in 27 cases (38.0%), and IA in 13 cases (18.3%). There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, tumor diameter and pathological type distribution between the VCPS group and CSS group (all P > 0.05). The operative time [ M ( Q1, Q3)] in the VCPS group was shorter than that in the CSS group [90 (75, 100) min vs. 150 (120, 180) min, Z = -9.83, P < 0.01]; the hospitalization cost in the VCPS group was lower than that in the CSS group [(44 969±6 929) yuan vs. (61 476±10 661) yuan, t = -10.77, P < 0.01]. There was no statistically significant difference in resection margin distance between the two groups [(18±5) mm vs. (18±5) mm, t = 0.65, P > 0.05]. Postoperative complications in the VCPS group included 2 cases of prolonged air leak and 1 case of postoperative cholecystitis, while patients in the CSS group showed 4 cases of prolonged air leak and 1 case of conversion to thoracotomy due to intraoperative bleeding. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of postoperative prolonged air leak and drainage time of both groups (all P > 0.05). No tumor recurrence or metastasis was observed in either group during 3-month follow-up after operation. Conclusions:VCPS, which centers surgical planning around intersegmental veins, provides more precise anatomical localization for intersegmental NSCLC lesions, shortens operative time, reduces surgical difficulty and costs, and decreases postoperative complications.