Primary breast lymphoma is a rare malignant breast tumor, accounting for <1% of all breast cancers. Among them, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common histologic subtype.However, primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is less common and more indolent than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and primary MALT lymphoma of the breast is extremely rare. We report a case of bilateral breast cancer in a 62-year-old woman with primary MALT lymphoma in right braest and contralateral invasive breast cancer in left breast. The patient presented with a palpable right breast lump, which appeared as a noncalcified mass on mammography and an indistinct irregular hypoechoic mass with internal vascularity on breast ultrasonography. The mass was pathologically confirmed by excisional biopsy as primary MALT lymphoma. The patient underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI, which additionally detected a small suspicious mass in the left breast. This was a clinically and mammographically occult breast cancer diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma.

Primary breast lymphoma is a rare malignant breast tumor, accounting for <1% of all breast cancers. Among them, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common histologic subtype.However, primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is less common and more indolent than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and primary MALT lymphoma of the breast is extremely rare. We report a case of bilateral breast cancer in a 62-year-old woman with primary MALT lymphoma in right braest and contralateral invasive breast cancer in left breast. The patient presented with a palpable right breast lump, which appeared as a noncalcified mass on mammography and an indistinct irregular hypoechoic mass with internal vascularity on breast ultrasonography. The mass was pathologically confirmed by excisional biopsy as primary MALT lymphoma. The patient underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI, which additionally detected a small suspicious mass in the left breast. This was a clinically and mammographically occult breast cancer diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma.

Primary breast lymphoma is a rare malignant breast tumor, accounting for <1% of all breast cancers. Among them, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common histologic subtype.However, primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is less common and more indolent than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and primary MALT lymphoma of the breast is extremely rare. We report a case of bilateral breast cancer in a 62-year-old woman with primary MALT lymphoma in right braest and contralateral invasive breast cancer in left breast. The patient presented with a palpable right breast lump, which appeared as a noncalcified mass on mammography and an indistinct irregular hypoechoic mass with internal vascularity on breast ultrasonography. The mass was pathologically confirmed by excisional biopsy as primary MALT lymphoma. The patient underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI, which additionally detected a small suspicious mass in the left breast. This was a clinically and mammographically occult breast cancer diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma.

The hygiene hypothesis, first proposed in 1989, suggested that reduced exposure to infections in early life leads to allergic diseases by the defects in the establishment of immune tolerance. Although many studies provided evidence that some exposure conditions, including family size, antibiotics, probiotics, and viral or bacterial infections, are strongly related to the prevalence of allergic diseases, thereby supporting the hygiene hypothesis, some evidence does not provide acceptable results for the hygiene hypothesis. Further, most studies have focused on patients with asthma or atopic dermatitis, not allergic rhinitis. In this review, we summarize the recent studies for and against the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ and identify causal association with the prevalence of allergic rhinitis.

Background and Objectives: Although various cardiac parameters on echocardiography have clinical importance, their measurement by conventional manual methods is time-consuming and subject to variability. We evaluated the feasibility, accuracy, and predictive value of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based automated system for echocardiographic analysis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: The AI-based system was developed using a nationwide echocardiographic dataset from five tertiary hospitals, and automatically identified views, then segmented and tracked the left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA) to produce volume and strain values. Both conventional manual measurements and AI-based fully automated measurements of the LV ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain, and LA volume index and reservoir strain were performed in 632 patients with STEMI. Results: The AI-based system accurately identified necessary views (overall accuracy, 98.5%) and successfully measured LV and LA volumes and strains in all cases in which conventional methods were applicable. Inter-method analysis showed strong correlations between measurement methods, with Pearson coefficients ranging 0.81–0.92 and intraclass correlation coefficients ranging 0.74–0.90. For the prediction of clinical outcomes (composite of all-cause death, re-hospitalization due to heart failure, ventricular arrhythmia, and recurrent myocardial infarction), AI-derived measurements showed predictive value independent of clinical risk factors, comparable to those from conventional manual measurements. Conclusions Our fully automated AI-based approach for LV and LA analysis on echocardiography is feasible and provides accurate measurements, comparable to conventional methods, in patients with STEMI, offering a promising solution for comprehensive echocardiographic analysis, reduced workloads, and improved patient care.