Background: The potential benefits and risks of probiotic use in kidney transplant (KT) recipients remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on KT outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed using medical records from 354 KT recipients between January 2010 and December 2020. Only patients who received probiotics within the first year following transplantation were included, and transplant outcomes were assessed at 1–3 years after KT. Results: Among the 354 patients, 97 (27%) received probiotics during the study period, and 36 (10%) used them for more than 3 months. Probiotic types included Lactobacillus species (45.4%), Bacillus subtilis (14.4%), and others (40.2%). The average supplementation duration was 104.8 days. No significant differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate at 1 and 3 years posttransplantation were observed between the probiotic and nonprobiotic groups. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia developed in 61 patients, with a significantly higher incidence observed in the probiotic group (25.8% vs. 14.0%).However, there were no significant differences in BK viremia or coronavirus disease 2019 infection rates between groups. During the study period, 116 patients received antibiotics for more than 1 week, and the prevalence of bacterial infections was not significantly different between the two groups. After propensity score matching, probiotic supplementation remained significantly associated only with the development of CMV viremia. Conclusions This study identified a significant association between probiotic use and the occurrence of CMV viremia in KT recipients. To better define the safety and efficacy of probiotics in immunocompromised patients, large-scale prospective studies are necessary to establish comprehensive evidence.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristic high-resolution(HR) Ct findings ofsolitary nodular bronchioloalveolar carcinoma(BAC) of the lung which are valuable for specific diagnosis of thedisease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HRCT scans of 46 patients (31 with malignant and 15 with benign lesion) with asolitary pulmonary nodule seen on chest radiograph were distributed in random order and analyzed retrospectively.Two blinded observers jointly analyzed the marginal and internal characteristics of nodules as seen on HRCT, anddecisions on the findings were reached by consensus. Stepwise discriminant analysis for characteristic findings ofBAC was performed. RESULTS: The most frequent CT findings of BAC (n=15) were internal bubble lucency (14/15,93%)(p=0.001), area of ground-glass opacity (12/15, 80%;average 58% of tumor volume)(p=0.0001), pleural tag(12/15,80%;p=0/097), and lobulated and spiculated margin(8/15, 53%;p=0.459). Findings of ground-glass opacity(p=0.0001)and bubble lucency(p=0.0187) appeared to be discriminantin the diagnosis of BAC. CONCLUSION: Peripheral pulmonarynodules containing an area of ground-glass opacity associated with internal bubble-lucency are characteristic ofBAC. Specific histologic diagnosis of solitary nodular BAC can be suggested by careful analysis of HRCT findings.
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar* ; Consensus ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung* ; Radiography, Thoracic