Objective To verify the radiation shielding effects of a self-developed protective shield for infant bedside X-ray radiography, and measure the dose distribution in the indoor radiation field with and without the shield, and to provide guidance for the radiation protection of infants sharing the room. Methods A MUX-100J mobile medical diagnostic X-ray machine was used as the radiographic device to simulate the exposure conditions of infant bedside X-ray radiography. The ambient dose equivalent rates at measurement points in eight directions on the irradiation plane in the indoor radiation field were measured with and without the protective shield using an AT1121 X/γ dose rate meter under the conventional condition of 56 kV and the maximum single exposure time. Results During infant bedside X-ray radiography, the dose levels in all directions on the irradiation plane within 150 cm from the scatterer center were essentially symmetrically distributed. The ambient dose equivalent rate at 100 cm from the scatterer center on the irradiation plane was (8.01-8.28)×10³ μSv/h without the protective shield and 48-84 μSv/h with the shield. At various distances from the scatterer center in all directions on the irradiation plane, the doses measured with the protective shield ranged from 0.34% to 14.12% of those measured without the shield, with an average of 1.85%. Conclusion The dose levels in the indoor radiation field were significantly reduced with the protective shield during infant bedside X-ray radiography. The use of the protective shield can effectively reduce the radiation risk for individuals near the radiographic site within the same room.

Objective To verify the radiation shielding effects of a self-developed protective shield for infant bedside X-ray radiography, and measure the dose distribution in the indoor radiation field with and without the shield, and to provide guidance for the radiation protection of infants sharing the room. Methods A MUX-100J mobile medical diagnostic X-ray machine was used as the radiographic device to simulate the exposure conditions of infant bedside X-ray radiography. The ambient dose equivalent rates at measurement points in eight directions on the irradiation plane in the indoor radiation field were measured with and without the protective shield using an AT1121 X/γ dose rate meter under the conventional condition of 56 kV and the maximum single exposure time. Results During infant bedside X-ray radiography, the dose levels in all directions on the irradiation plane within 150 cm from the scatterer center were essentially symmetrically distributed. The ambient dose equivalent rate at 100 cm from the scatterer center on the irradiation plane was (8.01-8.28)×10³ μSv/h without the protective shield and 48-84 μSv/h with the shield. At various distances from the scatterer center in all directions on the irradiation plane, the doses measured with the protective shield ranged from 0.34% to 14.12% of those measured without the shield, with an average of 1.85%. Conclusion The dose levels in the indoor radiation field were significantly reduced with the protective shield during infant bedside X-ray radiography. The use of the protective shield can effectively reduce the radiation risk for individuals near the radiographic site within the same room.

Objective To verify the radiation shielding effects of a self-developed protective shield for infant bedside X-ray radiography, and measure the dose distribution in the indoor radiation field with and without the shield, and to provide guidance for the radiation protection of infants sharing the room. Methods A MUX-100J mobile medical diagnostic X-ray machine was used as the radiographic device to simulate the exposure conditions of infant bedside X-ray radiography. The ambient dose equivalent rates at measurement points in eight directions on the irradiation plane in the indoor radiation field were measured with and without the protective shield using an AT1121 X/γ dose rate meter under the conventional condition of 56 kV and the maximum single exposure time. Results During infant bedside X-ray radiography, the dose levels in all directions on the irradiation plane within 150 cm from the scatterer center were essentially symmetrically distributed. The ambient dose equivalent rate at 100 cm from the scatterer center on the irradiation plane was (8.01-8.28)×10³ μSv/h without the protective shield and 48-84 μSv/h with the shield. At various distances from the scatterer center in all directions on the irradiation plane, the doses measured with the protective shield ranged from 0.34% to 14.12% of those measured without the shield, with an average of 1.85%. Conclusion The dose levels in the indoor radiation field were significantly reduced with the protective shield during infant bedside X-ray radiography. The use of the protective shield can effectively reduce the radiation risk for individuals near the radiographic site within the same room.

Objective To systematically explore the prescription source,prescription composition,drug origin and processing,functional indications and clinical application of the classic Tibetan medicine Sanwei Qiangwei Powder,so as to provide scientific basis for its in-depth development,rational utilization and follow-up research.Methods By using methods of literature review,the ancient and modern Tibetan medical classics and modern literature such as'Ocha Jinmai' sporadic secret collection 'Zhigong Yi Suan Ji' were retrieved,and the prescription origin,medicinal material origin,processing technology,prescription solution,usage and dosage were studied and analyzed.Results The Sanwei Qiangwei Powder originated from the 'Ocha Jinmai'(《()》)written by Qiangba Minimatongwatundan in the 15th century.The book was written much earlier than the literature included in the 'Catalogue of Ancient Classic Prescriptions(Second Batch)'-the 'Selection of Tibetan Medicine Prescriptions·Longevity Baoru' in the 19th century.The prescription consists of 15 copies of Rosa rugosa,7 copies of Herpetospermum caudigerum,and 3 copies of Terminalia chebula Retz.It plays a significant effect on hepatobiliary diseases such as biliary fever,liver fever,primary headache,and headache after drinking in clinical practice.It is the core prescription for the treatment of Chiba-type diseases and has high development value.There are differences in the use site,dosage ratio,usage and dosage of medicinal materials in different literatures,and the dosage has been clarified by textual research and expert consultation.Conclusion This study sorted out and clarified the key information of Sanwei Qiangwei Powder,which laid a theoretical foundation for the inheritance and development,innovative application and modernization research of the prescription.

Objective To systematically explore the prescription source,prescription composition,drug origin and processing,functional indications and clinical application of the classic Tibetan medicine Sanwei Qiangwei Powder,so as to provide scientific basis for its in-depth development,rational utilization and follow-up research.Methods By using methods of literature review,the ancient and modern Tibetan medical classics and modern literature such as'Ocha Jinmai' sporadic secret collection 'Zhigong Yi Suan Ji' were retrieved,and the prescription origin,medicinal material origin,processing technology,prescription solution,usage and dosage were studied and analyzed.Results The Sanwei Qiangwei Powder originated from the 'Ocha Jinmai'(《()》)written by Qiangba Minimatongwatundan in the 15th century.The book was written much earlier than the literature included in the 'Catalogue of Ancient Classic Prescriptions(Second Batch)'-the 'Selection of Tibetan Medicine Prescriptions·Longevity Baoru' in the 19th century.The prescription consists of 15 copies of Rosa rugosa,7 copies of Herpetospermum caudigerum,and 3 copies of Terminalia chebula Retz.It plays a significant effect on hepatobiliary diseases such as biliary fever,liver fever,primary headache,and headache after drinking in clinical practice.It is the core prescription for the treatment of Chiba-type diseases and has high development value.There are differences in the use site,dosage ratio,usage and dosage of medicinal materials in different literatures,and the dosage has been clarified by textual research and expert consultation.Conclusion This study sorted out and clarified the key information of Sanwei Qiangwei Powder,which laid a theoretical foundation for the inheritance and development,innovative application and modernization research of the prescription.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory pathogens in China.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study, which encompassed 19 core units of the clinical pathogen network and established a three-tiered clinical pathogen surveillance system. Thirty respiratory samples were collected every two weeks from various units from January to December 2024, and the clinical and pathogen diagnostic information were gathered. A total of 11 864 samples were tested using this system. The tier-1 clinical pathogen surveillance system covered influenza A virus (Flu-A), influenza B virus (Flu-B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The tier-2 clinical pathogen surveillance system focused on 18 key respiratory pathogens. The tier-3 clinical pathogen surveillance system further clarified whether any emerging infectious diseases had occurred.Results:The tier-1 clinical pathogen surveillance system showed Flu-A predominated in December, Flu-B predominated in January, SARS-CoV-2 peaked in March and August, whereas RSV circulated sporadically throughout the year. Geographic trends were broadly consistent across the seven major regions, although Flu-A detection in December was notably higher in Northeast China (48.1%(111/231)) and East China (36.2%(148/409)), and RSV detection was concentrated in the Northwest and South China from January to March. Data from the tier-2 clinical pathogen surveillance system indicated that Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, rhinovirus, and adenovirus were detected year-round, of these, Streptococcus pneumoniae and rhinovirus showed elevated positive detection rates from August to September, while adenovirus peaked in January. Legionella pneumophila was not detected throughout the year, and other pathogens fluctuated throughout the year without a consistent pattern. The predominant etiologic agents of pediatric pneumonia were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (35.0%(105/300)), rhinovirus (25.7%(77/300)), and adenovirus (17.3%(52/300)), whereas adult pneumonia was mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.5%(29/277)), Staphylococcus aureus (6.9%(19/277)), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6.9%(19/277)), and Flu-A (6.1%(17/277)). The tier-3 clinical pathogen surveillance system did not identify any emerging respiratory pathogens. Conclusion:Respiratory pathogens in China in 2024 exhibit distinct temporal and spatial distribution patterns and vary among different populations.

Anxiety disorders are psychiatric conditions characterized by high prevalence,chronicity,and comorbidity.The World Health Organization has listed anxiety disorders as a cause of health-related disabilities.Metabolomics can be used to qualitatively and quantita-tively analyze metabolites in organisms using modern analytical techniques,comprehensively revealing the overall characteristics of meta-bolic changes in the body and providing novel insights into diseases.It is important to identify potential biomarkers associated with anxiety disorders by investigating perturbations in metabolites and metabolic pathways in patients with anxiety disorders.This review addresses the application of metabolomics in anxiety disorders to provide a basis for revealing their pathogenesis,early diagnosis,and efficacy evalu-ation.

Objective To evaluate the current status in the implementation of GBZ/T 201.5-2015 Radiation shielding requirements for radiotherapy rooms-Part 5: Radiotherapy room of proton accelerators, identify issues in the application of its technical indicators, and provide a basis for the in-depth implementation and further revision of the standard. Methods In accordance with the Standardization Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Guidelines for Health Standards Tracking Evaluation (WS/T 536-2017), a combination of cluster sampling and stratified sampling methods was employed to select professionals involved in proton accelerator radiotherapy devices and facilities in three provinces (or municipalities directly under the central government) as the subjects of the survey. A questionnaire was developed to collect basic information about the subjects and their understanding and application of the technical indicators in the standard. A standard evaluation indicator system with a total score of 100 points was established to score the implementation of the standard (40 points), the technical content (30 points), and the effectiveness of the implementation (30 points). Results A total of 169 professionals from 107 institutions participated in the survey, with 79.88% of the respondents having at least 5 years of experience in radiation therapy and 74.56% holding intermediate or higher professional titles. The score of standard implementation was 18.3 points. The awareness rate exceeded 80%, indicating a high level of awareness about the standard. However, the scores for the dissemination and application of the standard were relatively low, accounting for 28% and 32% of their respective full marks. The technical content of the standard and the effectiveness of its implementation scored 27.0 and 26.6 points, respectively. The overall score in the evaluation of standard implementation was 72 points, with scores of 68.6, 72.3, and 75.0 for Beijing City, Shanghai City, and Jiangsu Province, respectively. Conclusion GBZ/T 201.5-2015 Radiation shielding requirements for radiotherapy rooms-Part 5: Radiotherapy room of proton accelerators is scientific and operable, and it is well-coordinated with relevant laws and standards. However, considering the development in FLASH technology and multi-chamber radiotherapy room, it is necessary to revise and improve the standard.

Objective To investigate the levels of radionuclides in food in Beijing, China, and assess the committed effective dose to local residents from food intake. Methods From 2021 to 2022, a total of 65 food samples across 7 categories were collected in Beijing. The activity concentrations of radionuclides, including ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, ²³⁸U, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra, ⁴⁰K, ⁹⁰Sr, ²¹⁰Po, ³H and ¹⁴C, were measured using gamma spectrometry and radiochemical methods. By combining the monitoring results with dietary consumption data of Beijing residents and the internal dose coefficients for Chinese reference adult phantom, the committed effective dose was estimated. Results The levels of radionuclides in food in Beijing were within the normal background range, consistent with related surveys in China and abroad, with activity concentrations below national standard limits. No significant differences were found in the activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸U, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra and ⁴⁰K between food samples collected from key areas and those from control areas (P > 0.05). The committed effective doses calculated according to internal dose coefficients for Chinese reference adult male phantom and GB 18871-2002 were 0.26 mSv and 0.19 mSv, respectively. Based on the Chinese reference adult male phantom, the majority of the committed effective dose was attributed to ²¹⁰Pb (45.1%), ²²⁸Ra (37.1%), ²¹⁰Po (12.3%), and ²²⁶Ra (4.7%). Conclusion The levels of radionuclides in food in Beijing fluctuated within the background range, resulting in a low radiation dose burden to the population.

Anxiety disorders are psychiatric conditions characterized by high prevalence,chronicity,and comorbidity.The World Health Organization has listed anxiety disorders as a cause of health-related disabilities.Metabolomics can be used to qualitatively and quantita-tively analyze metabolites in organisms using modern analytical techniques,comprehensively revealing the overall characteristics of meta-bolic changes in the body and providing novel insights into diseases.It is important to identify potential biomarkers associated with anxiety disorders by investigating perturbations in metabolites and metabolic pathways in patients with anxiety disorders.This review addresses the application of metabolomics in anxiety disorders to provide a basis for revealing their pathogenesis,early diagnosis,and efficacy evalu-ation.