One-day-old AA broilers were divided into five groups(15 chickens each,5 replicates per group):control(basic diet),three groups with low,medium,and high doses of crude extract of Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae(100,150,200 mg/kg),and one group with Macleaya cordata extract(300 mg/kg).The 42-day trial measured intestinal enzyme activity,morphology,antioxidant and immune capacity,barrier function,and microbiota structure and diversity.Compared to the control and Macleaya cordata groups,the high-dose crude extract of Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae group significantly increased trypsin activity in the duodenum,jejunum,and ileum(P＜0.05).It also reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels,increased glu-tathione peroxidase activity,reduced tumor necrosis factor-α,increased interleukin-10,and elevated mRNA expression of tight junction protein-1 and mucin-2 in the jejunum(P＜0.05).Microbial di-versity analysis showed higher Shannon index,increased Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes,decreased Proteobacteria,and more beneficial bacteria in the high-dose group(P＜0.05).Supplementing 200 mg/kg of crude extract of Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae enhances intestinal morpholo-gy and function,and promotes intestinal health,thereby increasing farming efficiency.

In order to investigate the effects of Fuzi Lizhong Oral liquid on immune function and in-testinal health of chicks,185 1-day-old healthy chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups.The blank control group(CG group)was given normal tap water;the high,medium and low dose groups(FZH group,FZM group and FZL group)were given tap water containing 5.00,2.50 and 1.25 g/L of Fuzi Lizhong Oral liquid,respectively.Starting from the first day of age,the drug was administered continuously for 5 d,and the blood was collected from the subwing vein on the sixth day of the test.The results showed that compared with CG group,thymus index in FZH group was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CG group,serum IgM,IgG and sIgA in FZH group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and serum IgG and sIgA in FZM group were signifi-cantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CG group,the relative expression of Occludin and Claudin-1 mRNA in FZH group was significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the relative expression of ZO-1 mRNA in FZM and FZH groups was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CG group,Shannon index of FZH group was significantly increased(P＜0.05),Simpson index of FZH group was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and many beneficial bacteria such as Strepto-coccus spinosus,Eubacillus spinosus and Lactobacillus spinosus played a synergistic role.The results showed that adding 5.00 g/L Fuzi Lizhong Oral liquid in drinking water could improve the immunity of chicks,maintain the intestinal barrier function of chicks,increase the intestinal flora richness and promote the intestinal health of chicks.

A total of 300 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 12 broilers per replicate.The control group was given free drinking water(CG),the astragalus polysaccharide control group(HPS)received 0.8 mL/L of astragalus polysaccharide o-ral liquid in drinking water,and the experimental groups(SBL,SBM,SBH)received 1.5,3.0,4.5 mL/,of Shenling Baizhu Oral Liquid in drinking water.The results showed as follows:com-pared to the CG group,SIgA content in HPS group,group SBM and group SBH was significantly increased(P＜0.05),IL-6 and IL-1β contents were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),Occludin,Mucin-2 and Bcl-2 contents were significantly increased(P＜0.05).The results of 16S rRNA test showed that the specific OUT number in groups HPS and SBM was significantly higher than that in group CG(P＜0.05),α diversity analysis showed that compared with group CG,Chao1 index and Simpson index of group HPS,group SBM and group SBH were significantly increased,and βdiversity analysis showed that there were significant differences in species composition between test group and blank control group(P＜0.05).The relative abundance analysis at the phylum level showed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in groups SBM and SBH was significantly higher than that in group CG(P＜0.05).The above results showed that Shenling Baizhu Oral Liquid could improve the intestinal health and enhance the resistance of broilers.

In order to investigate the mitigating effect of Yin Chen aqueous extract on liver injury induced by LPS combined with D-GalN in mice,a mouse liver injury model was established by in-traperitoneal injection of LPS and D-GalN,and the mice were group-fed by instillation of saline,bi-phenyl dibenzyl ester,and Yin Chen aqueous extract with different concentrations of LPS and D-GalN.The liver index of mice was calculated,pathological tissue sections were observed,and the expression of ALT,AST,inflammatory cytokines,oxidative stress,hepatic enzymes,and IL-17/TNF pathway were detected in serum to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the aqueous ex-tracts of Yin Chen in alleviating the liver injury in mice.The results showed that the liver index of mice in the model group was significantly elevated,the serum levels of ALT and AST were signifi-cantly elevated,the levels of IL-iβ,IL-8 and TNF-α in liver tissue were significantly elevated,the levels of IL-4 were significantly reduced,the levels of GSH-Px,CAT and SOD were significantly reduced,the levels of ROS and MDA were significantly elevated,CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 protein content and mRNA expression were significantly up-regulated,and the expression levels of TNF,TNFR1,IL-17A,ACT1 and IL-6 mRNA were significantly up-regulated.The study showed that the aqueous extract of Yin Chen had a certain alleviating effect on the liver injury caused by LPS combined with D-GalN in mice.The mechanism of action includes decreasing the metabolic level of hepatic drug enzymes,alleviating oxidative stress,inhibiting the expression of IL-17/TNF pathway and down-regulating the level of inflammatory factors in mice.

Bisphenol A(BPA)is an environmental endocrine disruptor commonly found in industri-al products such as plastics,resin coatings,and paper coatings,and it poses potential reproductive hazards.Despite extensive research,studies examining its effects on the F1 generation of rabbits are limited.This study established a BPA exposure model in pregnant female rabbits to investigate its impact on reproductive hormones,apoptosis,oxidative stress,inflammatory responses,and tissue integrity in weaned female offspring.The results indicate that BPA exposure induces oxidative stress and inflammation in F1 rabbits,disrupts hormonal balance,and affects antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory mediators through the modulation of the Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways,ultimately leading to apoptosis and tissue damage.

Thirty SPF Kunming male mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into five groups:the control group,the model group,and the low,medium,and high dose groups of Dilong.Except for the control group,the other mice were continuously injected intraperitoneally with 80 mg/kg cyclophosphamide for 3 days to prepare an immunosuppressive model.After the model-ing was completed,the control group and the model group were given an equal amount of physio-logical saline by gavage,while the low,medium,and high dose Dilong groups were given 100,200,and 400 mg/kg of Dilong fermented material by gavage,respectively.The treatment lasted for 14 days,and thymus,spleen,blood,and intestinal contents were collected 2 hours after the last admin-istration.The results showed that cyclophosphamide caused a weight loss in mice during the exper-iment,reduced thymus index,white blood cells,lymphocytes,granulocytes,immunoglobulin levels in the blood,and disrupted gut microbiota.Dilong fermented material can effectively improve the decrease in body weight and thymus index of mice,increase the levels of immune cells and immu-noglobulin in the blood,improve the diversity and richness of intestinal microbiota,and increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria.Dilong fermented can effectively alleviate the immune suppres-sion and intestinal microbiota disorder caused by cyclophosphamide in mice.Considering all fac-tors,the optimal dosage is 200 mg/kg.

Bisphenol A(BPA)is an environmental endocrine disruptor commonly found in industri-al products such as plastics,resin coatings,and paper coatings,and it poses potential reproductive hazards.Despite extensive research,studies examining its effects on the F1 generation of rabbits are limited.This study established a BPA exposure model in pregnant female rabbits to investigate its impact on reproductive hormones,apoptosis,oxidative stress,inflammatory responses,and tissue integrity in weaned female offspring.The results indicate that BPA exposure induces oxidative stress and inflammation in F1 rabbits,disrupts hormonal balance,and affects antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory mediators through the modulation of the Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways,ultimately leading to apoptosis and tissue damage.

Thirty SPF Kunming male mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into five groups:the control group,the model group,and the low,medium,and high dose groups of Dilong.Except for the control group,the other mice were continuously injected intraperitoneally with 80 mg/kg cyclophosphamide for 3 days to prepare an immunosuppressive model.After the model-ing was completed,the control group and the model group were given an equal amount of physio-logical saline by gavage,while the low,medium,and high dose Dilong groups were given 100,200,and 400 mg/kg of Dilong fermented material by gavage,respectively.The treatment lasted for 14 days,and thymus,spleen,blood,and intestinal contents were collected 2 hours after the last admin-istration.The results showed that cyclophosphamide caused a weight loss in mice during the exper-iment,reduced thymus index,white blood cells,lymphocytes,granulocytes,immunoglobulin levels in the blood,and disrupted gut microbiota.Dilong fermented material can effectively improve the decrease in body weight and thymus index of mice,increase the levels of immune cells and immu-noglobulin in the blood,improve the diversity and richness of intestinal microbiota,and increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria.Dilong fermented can effectively alleviate the immune suppres-sion and intestinal microbiota disorder caused by cyclophosphamide in mice.Considering all fac-tors,the optimal dosage is 200 mg/kg.

One-day-old AA broilers were divided into five groups(15 chickens each,5 replicates per group):control(basic diet),three groups with low,medium,and high doses of crude extract of Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae(100,150,200 mg/kg),and one group with Macleaya cordata extract(300 mg/kg).The 42-day trial measured intestinal enzyme activity,morphology,antioxidant and immune capacity,barrier function,and microbiota structure and diversity.Compared to the control and Macleaya cordata groups,the high-dose crude extract of Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae group significantly increased trypsin activity in the duodenum,jejunum,and ileum(P＜0.05).It also reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels,increased glu-tathione peroxidase activity,reduced tumor necrosis factor-α,increased interleukin-10,and elevated mRNA expression of tight junction protein-1 and mucin-2 in the jejunum(P＜0.05).Microbial di-versity analysis showed higher Shannon index,increased Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes,decreased Proteobacteria,and more beneficial bacteria in the high-dose group(P＜0.05).Supplementing 200 mg/kg of crude extract of Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae enhances intestinal morpholo-gy and function,and promotes intestinal health,thereby increasing farming efficiency.

In order to investigate the effects of Fuzi Lizhong Oral liquid on immune function and in-testinal health of chicks,185 1-day-old healthy chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups.The blank control group(CG group)was given normal tap water;the high,medium and low dose groups(FZH group,FZM group and FZL group)were given tap water containing 5.00,2.50 and 1.25 g/L of Fuzi Lizhong Oral liquid,respectively.Starting from the first day of age,the drug was administered continuously for 5 d,and the blood was collected from the subwing vein on the sixth day of the test.The results showed that compared with CG group,thymus index in FZH group was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CG group,serum IgM,IgG and sIgA in FZH group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and serum IgG and sIgA in FZM group were signifi-cantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CG group,the relative expression of Occludin and Claudin-1 mRNA in FZH group was significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the relative expression of ZO-1 mRNA in FZM and FZH groups was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with CG group,Shannon index of FZH group was significantly increased(P＜0.05),Simpson index of FZH group was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and many beneficial bacteria such as Strepto-coccus spinosus,Eubacillus spinosus and Lactobacillus spinosus played a synergistic role.The results showed that adding 5.00 g/L Fuzi Lizhong Oral liquid in drinking water could improve the immunity of chicks,maintain the intestinal barrier function of chicks,increase the intestinal flora richness and promote the intestinal health of chicks.