In recent years, the incidence of myopia has been increasing alongside the growing global population, emerging as a significant public health challenge worldwide. Individuals with myopia exhibit an elongated axial length, which leads to various structural and functional ocular changes, resulting in the risk of related eye diseases and, in severe cases, blindness. Unfortunately, once myopia develops, it is irreversible. The only way to prevent or slow its progression is through appropriate treatment. The current focal point in myopia prevention and control is the peripheral myopic defocus theory. This paper summarizes the relevant research on defocus incorporated multiple segments(DIMS)lenses, following a systematic analysis of the literature. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of DIMS compared to other myopia control methods, and discusses the application prospects and future directions of defocus lenses represented by DIMS, aiming to provide reference and guidance for the control of myopia progression in children and adolescents.

[Objective] To explore the safety and efficacy of submucosal injection of glycerol and fructose saline in bladder tumor endoscopic submucosal dissection (BT-ESD) with a 450 nm blue laser semiconductor treatment machine in the treatment of non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). [Methods] Clinical data of 20 patients with bladder tumor treated with submucosal injection of glycerol and fructose saline BT-ESD via a 450 nm blue laser semiconductor treatment machine at our hospital during Nov.2023 and Apr.2024 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients included 13 males and 7 females, aged (64.95±6.89) years, tumor diameter (1.02±0.24) cm, and preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) (130.55±4.36) g/L.The operation time, Hb the next day after operation, positive rate of tumor basal biopsy, postoperative bladder irrigation time, catheter indwelling time, postoperative hospital stay, complications and recurrence rate were recorded. [Results] All operations were successful, and 28 lesions were removed.The postoperative pathological results confirmed that all cases were NMIBC, and the basal mucosa biopsies were negative.The operation time was (9.40±3.14) min, postoperative Hb (130.15±4.59) g/L, bladder irrigation time (17.70±1.34) h, catheter indwelling time 1 day, and postoperative hospital stay 1 day.There were no complications such as obturator nerve reflex, bladder perforation.There were no need for blood transfusion, no conversion to open surgery, and no secondary bleeding after operation.No tumor recurrence was found during 6-month postoperative follow up. [Conclusion] Submucosal injection of glycerol and fructose saline BT-ESD with a 450 nm blue laser semiconductor treatment machine is a safe and effective method for the treatment of NMIBC.It has advantages of whole enucleation of bladder tumor, clear basal layer, small amount of bleeding, short operation time and few complications.It can be used as a day surgery and is worthy of clinical promotion.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral helper T (T PH ) cells are uniquely positioned within pathologically inflamed non-lymphoid tissues to stimulate B-cell responses and antibody production. However, the phenotype, function, and clinical relevance of T PH cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are currently unknown. METHODS: Blood, tumor, and peritumoral liver tissue samples from 39 HCC patients (Sep 2016-Aug 2017) and 101 HCC patients (Sep 2011-Dec 2012) at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were used. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the expression, phenotype, and function of T PH cells. Log-rank tests were performed to evaluate disease-free survival and overall survival in samples from 39 patients and 101 patients with HCC. T PH cells, CD19 + B cells, and T follicular helper (T FH ) cells were cultured separately in vitro or isolated from C57/B6L mice in vivo for functional assays. RESULTS: T PH cells highly infiltrated tumor tissues, which was correlated with tumor size, early recurrence, and shorter survival time. The tumor-infiltrated T PH cells showed a unique ICOS hi CXCL13 + IL-21 - MAF + BCL-6 - phenotype and triggered naïve B-cell differentiation into regulatory B cells. Triggering programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) induced the production of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) by T PH cells, which then suppressed tumor-specific immunity and promoted disease progression. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of T PH cell-regulatory B-cell-mediated immunosuppression and provides an important perspective for determining the balance between the differentiation of protumorigenic T PH cells and that of antitumorigenic T FH cells in the HCC microenvironment.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism* ; Liver Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Humans ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism* ; Animals ; Mice ; Male ; Female ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Middle Aged ; B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism* ; Flow Cytometry ; Interleukin-21 ; Aged ; Chemokine CXCL13/metabolism*

Elemene is widely recognized as an effective anti-cancer compound and is routinely administered in Chinese clinical settings for the management of several solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its detailed molecular mechanism has not been adequately demonstrated. In this research, it was demonstrated that elemene effectively curtailed NSCLC growth in the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Mechanistically, employing high-throughput screening techniques and subsequent biochemical validations such as microscale thermophoresis (MST), microRNA-145-5p (miR-145-5p) was pinpointed as a critical target through which elemene exerts its anti-tumor effects. Interestingly, elemene serves as a binding stabilizer for miR-145-5p, demonstrating a strong binding affinity (dissociation constant (K _D) = 0.39 ± 0.17 μg/mL) and preventing its degradation both in vitro and in vivo, while not interfering with the synthesis of the primary microRNA transcripts (pri-miRNAs) and precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs). The stabilization of miR-145-5p by elemene resulted in an increased level of this miRNA, subsequently suppressing NSCLC progression through the miR-145-5p/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MAP3K3)/nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) pathway. Our findings provide a new perspective on revealing the interaction patterns between clinical anti-tumor drugs and miRNAs.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has a unique structure that makes monoclonal antibody (mAb) preparation challenging. This study aims to develop a method for preparing HbA1c mAbs and establish a fluorescent immunochromatographic assay (FICA) for rapid detection of HbA1c. Three glycosylated peptides were synthesized and used to prepare complete antigens, which were identified by dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The complete antigens and natural HbA1c were used for cross-immunization of mice, and the optimal complete antigen was selected. The mouse with the highest serum titer was chosen for mAb preparation. The purity and specificity of the mAbs were verified, and a FICA method was developed. The optimal complete antigen, with a titer of 1:512 000, was successfully prepared and selected. Fusion with splenocytes resulted in four specific HbA1c antibodies (purity > 90%). The best antibody exhibited a binding constant (Ka) of 1.67×10¹⁰ L/mol with the antigen. Based on this antibody, a FICA method was successfully established, capable of producing results within 15 min. The method demonstrated a good linear range (3%-13% HbA1c, y=0.071 3x+0.005 6, R²=0.993 7), recovery rates of 98%-102%, precision < 10.00%, and no nonspecific reactions. Clinical testing of 210 samples showed positive agreement of 96.36%, negative agreement of 97.00%, and overall agreement of 96.68%. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis yielded an area under curve (AUC) of 0.980 9 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.961 0-1.000 0], with high consistency verified in multicenter studies. We successfully developed a key technique for preparing HbA1c monoclonal antibodies and established a FICA method for rapid detection of HbA1c. It will provide an efficient and convenient detection method for the early diagnosis and long-term management of diabetes and its complications.
Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis* ; Animals ; Mice ; Glycated Hemoglobin/immunology* ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Humans ; Antibody Specificity ; Chromatography, Affinity/methods* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods* ; Female

Objective:To explore the risk factors of insomnia among employees in the thermal power generation industry and the network relationships between their interactions, and to provide scientific basis for personalized interventions for high-risk groups with insomnia.Methods:In November 2022, 860 employees of a typical thermal power generation enterprise were selected as the research subjects by cluster sampling. On-site occupational health field surveys and questionnaire surveys were used to collect basic information, occupational characteristics, anxiety, depression, stress, occupational stress, and insomnia. The interaction between insomnia and occupational health psychological factors was evaluated by using structural equation model analysis and Bayesian network construction.Results:The detection rates of anxiety, depression and stress were 34.0% (292/860), 32.1% (276/860) and 18.0% (155/860), respectively. The total score of occupational stress was (445.3±49.9) points, and 160 workers (18.6%) were suspected of insomnia, and 578 workers (67.2%) had insomnia. Structural equation model analysis showed that occupational stress had a significant effect on the occurrence of insomnia in thermal power generation workers (standardized load coefficient was 0.644), and occupational health psychology had a low effect on insomnia (standardized load coefficient was 0.065). However, the Bayesian network model further analysis found that anxiety and stress were the two parent nodes of insomnia, with direct causal relationships, the arc strength was-8.607 and -15.665, respectively. The model prediction results showed that the probability of insomnia occurring was predicted to be 0 in the cases of no stress and anxiety, low stress without anxiety, and no stress with low anxiety. When high stress with low anxiety and low stress with high anxiety occurred, the predicted probability of insomnia occurring were 0.38 and 0.47, respectively. When both high stress and high anxiety occurred simultaneously, the predicted probability of insomnia occurring was 0.51.Conclusion:Bayesian network risk assessment can intuitively reveal and predict the insomnia risk of thermal power generation workers and the network interaction relationship between the risks. Anxiety and stress are the direct causal risks of insomnia, and stress is the main risk of individual insomnia of thermal power generation workers. The occurrence of insomnia can be reduced based on scientific intervention of stress conditions.

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of quercetin against LasB-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in THP-1 macrophages, providing valuable insights into the use of quercetin as a virulence inhibitor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection treatment. Methods:This was an experimental study. The experimental strain was the standard strain. The LasB protein was obtained utilizing protein recombination technology, while the enzyme activity of LasB was assessed through both the Elastin Congo red assay and fluorescently labelled elastin assay. The LasB-induced THP-1 macrophage infection model was established, and quercetin was utilized for intervention. Cell viability was evaluated via CCK-8 assay, while cell morphology was observed under an inverted microscope. Apoptosis detection involved employing both TUNEL and Annexin V/PI staining. The mRNA expression and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 were determined by RT-qPCR and ELISA respectively. Intracellular ROS levels were quantified using the DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, and Tukey test was used for multiple comparisons. Results:The pLasB with a molecular weight of 33 000 and acceptable enzymatic activity (purity>90%), was successfully obtained. THP-1 macrophages treated with pLasB at a concentration of 100 μg/ml presented significantly decreased viability and integrity rate when compared with the normal control group. Additionally, pLasB promoted apoptosis, up-regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α, increased intracellular ROS fluorescence intensity, and elevated COX-2 mRNA expression level. Furthermore, the viability of THP-1 macrophages was significantly enhanced under quercetin intervention at concentrations of 2.5 μmol/L, 5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L. The apoptosis rate exhibited a significant reduction from 18.32%±0.17% to 13.17%±0.20%, 11.43%±0.06% and 7.74%±0.04%, respectively ( F=1 679, P<0.05). There was a notable down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 showed a significant up-regulation. Both intracellular ROS fluorescence intensity ( F=86.92, P<0.05) and COX-2 level ( F=24.62, P<0.05) demonstrated a substantial decrease. Conclusion:Quercetin demonstrates significant efficacy in inhibiting LasB-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in THP-1 macrophages, which highlights immense potential as a potent virulence inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of quercetin against LasB-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in THP-1 macrophages, providing valuable insights into the use of quercetin as a virulence inhibitor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection treatment. Methods:This was an experimental study. The experimental strain was the standard strain. The LasB protein was obtained utilizing protein recombination technology, while the enzyme activity of LasB was assessed through both the Elastin Congo red assay and fluorescently labelled elastin assay. The LasB-induced THP-1 macrophage infection model was established, and quercetin was utilized for intervention. Cell viability was evaluated via CCK-8 assay, while cell morphology was observed under an inverted microscope. Apoptosis detection involved employing both TUNEL and Annexin V/PI staining. The mRNA expression and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 were determined by RT-qPCR and ELISA respectively. Intracellular ROS levels were quantified using the DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, and Tukey test was used for multiple comparisons. Results:The pLasB with a molecular weight of 33 000 and acceptable enzymatic activity (purity>90%), was successfully obtained. THP-1 macrophages treated with pLasB at a concentration of 100 μg/ml presented significantly decreased viability and integrity rate when compared with the normal control group. Additionally, pLasB promoted apoptosis, up-regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α, increased intracellular ROS fluorescence intensity, and elevated COX-2 mRNA expression level. Furthermore, the viability of THP-1 macrophages was significantly enhanced under quercetin intervention at concentrations of 2.5 μmol/L, 5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L. The apoptosis rate exhibited a significant reduction from 18.32%±0.17% to 13.17%±0.20%, 11.43%±0.06% and 7.74%±0.04%, respectively ( F=1 679, P<0.05). There was a notable down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 showed a significant up-regulation. Both intracellular ROS fluorescence intensity ( F=86.92, P<0.05) and COX-2 level ( F=24.62, P<0.05) demonstrated a substantial decrease. Conclusion:Quercetin demonstrates significant efficacy in inhibiting LasB-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in THP-1 macrophages, which highlights immense potential as a potent virulence inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Objective To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of roxadustat on apoptosis and senescence of renal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 induced by heat stress.Methods After HK-2 cells were treated with different concentrations of roxadustat(10,20,30,40 and 50 μmol/L)for 24 h,CCK-8 assay was used to determine the optimal intervention concentration of roxadustat.HK-2 cells were divided into 4 groups(n=3):control group,roxadustat group(30 μmol/L,24 h),heat-stress group(43 ℃,2 h),and heat-stress+roxadustat group(30 μmol/L roxadustat treatmnet for 24 h followed by heat-stress 2 h).Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay.Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α),Cleaved Caspase-3,p16 and p21 at protein level was detected by Western blotting.Immunofluorescence assay was employed to observe the distribution of HIF-1α.β-galactosidase staining kit was utilized to detect SA-β-Gal activity.TUNEL staining was used to measure cell apoptosis.Results The highest cell viability was observed in the cells after 30 μmol/L roxadustat treatment.Heat stress resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability(P＜0.05),elevated protein levels of HIF-1α,Cleaved Caspase-3,p16 and p21(P＜0.05),enhanced SA-β-Gal activity(P＜0.05)and increased percentage of TUNEL-positive cells(P＜0.05)when compared with the cells in the control group.In comparison with the heat-stress group,the heat-stress+roxadustat group showed significant decrease in the protein levels of Cleaved Caspase-3,p16 and p21(P＜0.05),reduced activity of SA-β-Gal[(65.44±5.00)％vs(77.15±2.61)％,P＜0.05]and decreased percentage of TUNEL-positive cells[(16.73±2.20)％vs(46.40±13.87)％,P＜0.05],but increase in cell viability[(86.33±4.51)％vs(66.33±8.50)％,P＜0.05]as well as HIF-1α protein expression(P＜0.05).Furthermore,immunofluorescence assay showed that HIF-1α was mainly distributed in the nucleus and perinucleus.Conclusion Roxadustat attenuates heat stress-induced apoptosis and senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells by upregulating HIF-1α.

Objective:To establish HPLC fingerprints of Aristolochia contorta and honey-processed Aristolochia contorta; To analyze the changes of chemical components before and after honey processing with multivariate statistics; To provide a reference for the study on the toxicity reduction of Aristolochia contorta.Methods:The fingerprints of 11 batches of Aristolochia contorta and honey-processed Aristolochia contorta were established through HPLC. Clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and independent sample t-test were used to compare the changes of chemical components of Aristolochia contorta before and after honey processing.Results:The results showed that there were 14 common peaks in the fingerprints of Aristolochia contorta and Aristolochia contorta. 7 common peaks were identified. Both HCA and PCA could clearly distinguish the samples of Aristolochia contorta before and after honey processing. OPLS-DA found and screened 7 differential markers, and the order of difference significance was peak 3 > peak 7 (7-hydroxy aristolochic acid A) > peak 5 (aristolochic acid C)> peak 8 (aristolochic acid D) > peak 6 > peak 2 (Magnolia alkaloid) > peak 14 (aristolochic acid Ⅰ). After honey processing, the content of chemical components represented by peaks 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 14 decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusion:This method is simple and specific, which can be used for the fingerprint analysis of Aristolochia contorta and honey-processed Aristolochia contorta, and can effectively distinguish Aristolochia contorta and honey-processed Aristolochia contorta, and provide a reference for the processing research of toxicity reduction of Aristolochia contorta honey processing.