【Objective】 To evaluate the therapeutic effect of probiotics on core symptoms in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in order to provide theoretical basis for the treatment and intervention of ASD. 【Method】 Articles published from January 2000 to May 2023 on the effect of probiotics on core symptoms in ASD children were retrieved from 7 databases, including Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, VIP Citation Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science.Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.Effect size, combine heterogeneity test sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were calculated. 【Result】 Totally 10 studies with 343 patients were included in this Meta-analysis.Meta-analysis showed that there was statistically significant difference in ASD core symptom score between the intervention group and the control group (SMD=-0.34, 95%CI: -0.55 - -0.12, P<0.05).Subgroup analysis showed that the efficacy of the trial conducted in Asian populations was not significant (SMD=-0.32, 95%CI: -0.63 - 0.00, P=0.05).In Caucasian populations, the therapeutic effect was significant (SMD=-0.35, 95%CI: -0.65 - -0.06, P<0.05).Grouped by age, it was found that the efficacy was not significant in trials involving adults (SMD=-0.12, 95%CI: - 0.57 - 0.33, P=0.61), but significant in trials involving only minors (SMD=-0.40, 95%CI: -0.65 - -0.16, P<0.05).According to the treatment course grouping, the intervention for less than 3 months (SMD=-0.35, 95%CI: -0.66 - -0.03, P<0.05) and more than 3 months (SMD=-0.33, 95%CI: -0.62 - -0.03, P<0.05) showed significant therapeutic efficacy.Grouped by bacterial strains, the efficacy of a single microbial community was not significant (SMD=-0.16, 95%CI: -0.46 - 0.15, P>0.05), while the efficacy of a composite microbial community was significant (SMD=-0.51, 95%CI: -0.81 - -0.21, P<0.05). 【Conclusions】 Probiotic therapy is effective in improving the core symptoms of ASD patients, but is influenced by factors such as race, age and probiotic strain. Composite microbiota has better efficacy in Caucasian and underage populations.

Cysticercosis,caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia pisiformis,known as Cysticercus pisiformis,is a parasitic ailment affecting lagomorphs,particularly domestic rabbits,posing a threat to the rabbit industry and the safety of rabbit meat products.This study aims to i-dentify the distribution of the TPO18 antigen in Cysticercus pisiformis and Taenia pisiformis and establish an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)for detecting antibodies against rabbit cysticercosis.The research involved the prokaryotic expression of the 18 kDa antigen of rabbit Cysticercus pisiformis and the isolation of soluble TPO18 protein post-purification.Immuni-zing rabbits with the TPO18 protein resulted in the production of polyclonal antibodies with a titer of up to 1∶51 200.Western blot analysis validated the antigenicity of the polyclonal antibodies a-gainst total proteins from rabbit Cysticercus pisiformis,Taenia pisiformis and the recombinant TPO18 protein.Immunohistochemistry revealed the distribution of the TPO18 antigen in rabbit Cysticercus pisiformis and Taenia pisiform is,indicating the effective reactivity of the polyclonal antibodies with total proteins from both parasites and the recombinant TPO18 protein.TPO18 an-tigen in rabbit Cysticercus pisiformis predominantly localized in the germinal layer and the paren-chyma,while in Taenia pisiformis,it was mainly present in the suckers,sucker peripheries,collec-ting duct upper cells,and parenchyma.An indirect ELISA based on the TPO18 antigen was devel-oped using the recombinant antigen,and its technical parameters were optimized.The optimized ELISA conditions included a serum dilution of 1∶100,antigen coating concentration of 5 mg/L,coating for 1 h at 37 ℃ followed by overnight incubation at 4 ℃,blocking with 1％BSA for 60 min at 37 ℃,serum reaction for 60 min,secondary antibody dilution at 1∶1 000,secondary antibody incubation for 60 min,substrate reacting for 15 min,with a cutoff value of 0.295.Sensitivity,speci-ficity,and repeatability tests of the ELISA demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity without cross-reactivity with positive sera of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,Hepatic coccidiosis,Eimer-ia stiedae,or Toxoplasma gondii.The intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation were both less than 7％,indicating excellent repeatability.Application of this ELISA,compared to postmortem ex-amination,on 86 clinical serum samples showed a concordance rate of 97.7％.In conclusion,this study successfully established an indirect ELISA for detecting antibodies against rabbit Cysticercus pisiformis,presenting a novel monitoring approach for assessing rabbit infections with Cysticer-cus pisiformis.

Feces and intestinal contents of pigs suspected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus were collected from a farm in Minqin County,Gansu Province,China.After the suspected positive sam-ples were detected by RT-PCR,Vero cells were used to isolate and culture them in vitro.The suc-cessfully isolated virus was identified in the laboratory,and its whole genome sequence was ana-lyzed for genetic evolution.The pathogenicity was evaluated by animal regression test.The results showed that typical syncytial lesions could be observed when the PEDV-positive treatment solu-tion was inoculated with Vero cells in the 4th generation,and the virus titer in the 6th generation reached 10-4 75TCID50/mL.PEDV-like virions with a diameter of about 100 nm and a round shape with obvious capsular membranes and spikes were observed by electron microscopy.Whole genome sequencing analysis showed that the total length of this strain was 28 085 bp,which was far from the G1 subtype represented by the classical strain CV777(96.6％),and had a high homology with the G2b strains BC-2011-1,IA1,USA/Colorado/2013 and WELL(98.6％).This indicated that the strain belonged to the G2b epidemic strain.The animal regression test showed that the 5-day-old piglets developed vomiting,acute watery diarrhea,emaciation and mental depression within 12 h after the attack,and the symptoms worsened and died within 24 h.After autopsy,the infected piglets could be observed with stomach swelling,high intestinal heave,thin and transparent intesti-nal wall,and undigested milk clots inside.In summary,a PEDV G2b epidemic strain was success-fully isolated and identified in this study,and its whole genome sequence and pathogenicity were analyzed,providing research materials for future studies on PEDV gene function,pathogenic mech-anism and vaccine development.

In order to construct a recombinant replication deficient human type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) expressing a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid protein, specific primers for P12A and 3B3C genes of FMDV-OZK93 were synthesized. The P12A and 3B3C genes were then amplified and connected by fusion PCR, and a recombinant shuttle plasmid pDC316-mCMV-EGFP-P12A3B3C expressing the FMDV-OZK93 capsid protein precursor P12A and 3B3C protease were obtained by inserting the P12A3B3C gene into the pDC316-mCMV-EGFP plasmid. The recombinant adenovirus rAdv-P12A3B3C-OZK93 was subsequently packaged, characterized and amplified using AdMax^TM adenovirus packaging system, and the expression was verified by infecting human embryonic kidney cell HEK-293. The humoral and cellular immunity levels of well-expressed and purified recombinant adenovirus immunized mice were evaluated. The results showed that rAdv-P12A3B3C-OZK93 could be stably passaged and the maximum virus titer reached 1×10^9.1 TCID₅₀/mL. Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence showed that rAdv-P12A3B3C-OZK93 expressed the FMDV-specific proteins P12A and VP1 in HEK-293 cells. In addition, the PK cell infection experiment confirmed that rAdv-P12A3B3C-OZK93 could infect porcine cells, which is essential for vaccination in pigs. Comparing with the inactivated vaccine group, the recombinant adenovirus could induce higher FMDV-specific IgG antibodies, γ-IFN and IL-10. This indicates that the recombinant adenovirus has good immunity for animal, which is very important for the subsequent development of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.
Adenoviridae/genetics* ; Adenoviruses, Human/genetics* ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; Capsid/metabolism* ; Capsid Proteins ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control* ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics* ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics* ; Serogroup ; Swine ; Viral Proteins ; Viral Vaccines/genetics*

Many people affected by fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism spectrum disorders have sensory processing deficits, such as hypersensitivity to auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli. Like FXS in humans, loss of Fmr1 in rodents also cause sensory, behavioral, and cognitive deficits. However, the neural mechanisms underlying sensory impairment, especially vision impairment, remain unclear. It remains elusive whether the visual processing deficits originate from corrupted inputs, impaired perception in the primary sensory cortex, or altered integration in the higher cortex, and there is no effective treatment. In this study, we used a genetic knockout mouse model (Fmr1^KO), in vivo imaging, and behavioral measurements to show that the loss of Fmr1 impaired signal processing in the primary visual cortex (V1). Specifically, Fmr1^KO mice showed enhanced responses to low-intensity stimuli but normal responses to high-intensity stimuli. This abnormality was accompanied by enhancements in local network connectivity in V1 microcircuits and increased dendritic complexity of V1 neurons. These effects were ameliorated by the acute application of GABA_A receptor activators, which enhanced the activity of inhibitory neurons, or by reintroducing Fmr1 gene expression in knockout V1 neurons in both juvenile and young-adult mice. Overall, V1 plays an important role in the visual abnormalities of Fmr1^KO mice and it could be possible to rescue the sensory disturbances in developed FXS and autism patients.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/metabolism* ; Fragile X Syndrome/metabolism* ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE:To prepare Carbinoxamine maleate sustained-release suspension,and evaluate its quality. METH-ODS:Using carbinoxamine maleate as raw material,drug-loaded resin was prepared by cation exchange resin;surface coating method was used to finally prepare sustained-release suspension,using Eudragit RS100 as sustained-release coating material to pre-pare sustained-release microparticles. HPLC was conducted to determine the content of carbinoxamine maleate,release degree of original preparations and self-made suspensions was compared,drug-loading capacity was calculated. RESULTS:The drug amount in preparing drug-loaded resin was 2%,reaction temperature was 25 ℃,and reaction time was 4 h;the drug-loading capacity in surface coating was 35%,amount of coating material was 10%,and reaction temperature was 40 ℃. The drug-loading capacities of sustained particles before and after coating were 35.23%,32.72%,respectively;the yield was 96.82%. The carbinoxamine ma-leate in prepared sustained-release suspension accounted for 98.76% of the labeled amount;release degree in 10 h reached about 80%,f2 was 65.73. CONCLUSIONS:Carbinoxamine maleate sustained-release suspension is prepared successfully,and its release is similar to the original preparation.

Objective To identity the distribution of enterotoxin and hemolysin,as well as the clonal complexes and drug resistance of the strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Maanshan region.Methods Automatic enzyme-linked fluorescent assay system and PCR technology were used to identify the distribution of enterotoxin and hemolysin genes.Seven Staphylococcus aureus hourskeeping genes were choosed as the target genes for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on 34 strains of MRSA and 3 strains of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA),comparing the data with the online database and obtaining the sequence typing (ST),conducting affinity analysis on its ST based on eBURST,testing in agar dilution method the drug resistance of MRSA against 12 antibiotics.Results 50.9％ of the 210 Staphylococcus aureus strains were enterotoxin positive,and 97.1％ of them carried hemolysin genes as all 51 strains of MRSA carried hemolsin genes.The 34 MRSA strains were divided into 10 STs,ranging in sequence ST239 (47.1％,16/34),ST5 (17.6％,6/34).Three MSSA strains belonged to ST188,ST1281 and ST7,respectively.Seventeen strains from the patients were divided into 6 STs,ranging in sequence ST239 (35.3％,6/17) and ST5 (29.4％,5/17).Twenty strains from food sources were divided into 9 STs,ranging in sequence ST239 (45.0％,9/20) and ST7 (15.0％,3/20).STs of ST585,ST630 and ST239 were close in affinity,while the rest were distant in affinity.Except for vancomycin,all the strains were found with drug resistance to varying extent to the 10 antibiotics tested.Conclusion Existence of Staphylococcus aureus hemotoxin was universal; ST239 was the main predominant MRSA in Maanshan region,with distant affinity among the STs.

OBJECTIVEAttempting to isolate and cultivate the microcytin-RR-producing cyanobacteria from natural blooms as well as to further investigate some characteristics of their growth and metabolite toxicity.

METHODSCapillary-pipette method was used to isolate wild Microcystis strains collected from eutrophicated lakes. The isolated strains were cultured in BG11 media at (25 ± 1) °C, under 2 000 lx illumination of fluorescent light with a light-dark rhythm of 12-12 h. The growth curve was observed by measuring optical density of culture suspension, toxin-related genes and the metabolite toxins were identified separately by PCR and HPLC, and its acute toxicity was carried out by orally administered toxins to Kunming (KM) mice.

RESULTSOne of five toxigenic strains from 198 collected samples was confirmed to be a MC-RR producing blue-green alga by existing two specific toxin-synthesized enzyme genes and showing specific chromatographic peak of the toxin compared with standard MC-RR through both PCR and HPLC methods. The toxic strain was classified as Microcystin aeruginosa by morphologic and phylogenetic tree analysis. The growth length of the strain lasted nearly 81 days with 55-60 days' exponential phase and the maximal concentration of 5.52 × 10⁷ cell/ml. The LD50 of the MC-RR to the KM mice ranged from 10.75 mg/kg to 13.45 mg/kg of body weight. As a result of the acute toxicity, the enzymatic indexes in serum such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher than those in the control group. The levels of ALT, AST, ALP and LDH in the treated group at 45 min were (157.08 ± 20.38), (333.00 ± 68.53), (392.70 ± 89.59) and (1 071.13 ± 160.22) U/L respectively, and at 4 h were (514.68 ± 156.87), (593.15 ± 40.41), (618.55 ± 208.76) and (2 281.72 ± 866.67) U/L respectively, and meanwhile the values of ALT, AST, ALP and LDH in the control group were (40.30 ± 4.89), (142.70 ± 26.59), (56.90 ± 11.89) and (509.50 ± 94.75) U/L separately (t values at 45 min were -11.20, -5.77, -7.38, -6.60 respectively, and at 4 h were -6.04, -20.21, -5.35, -4.07 respectively, P values were all <0.01). The liver coefficient in the treated group at 45 min and 4 h were 6.855 ± 0.225 and 8.409 ± 0.276, significantly higher than that (5.784 ± 0.286) in the control group (t values were -3.96 and -12.22, P values were both <0.01). The histopathological changes of liver were hyperemia obviously.

CONCLUSIONIsolated from the bloom waters, a strain of Microcystis aeruginosa is obtained with characteristics of longer growth duration, positive microcystin synthetase genes, and dominant production of MC-RR. The LD50 of the extracted MC-RR administered by oral route to mice is (12.10 ± 1.35) mg/kg of body weight, and liver is the target organ of MC-RR. The existence and potential risk of MC-RR in China cannot be ignored.

Animals ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cyanobacteria ; Hyperemia ; Lakes ; Liver ; Mice ; Microcystins ; Microcystis ; Phylogeny

After a literature review of the HPMC capsules, the research status of the HPMC capsules in vivo and in vitro are summarized, including the application status, the superiority over hard gelatin capsules and in particularly the disintegration release in vitro and bioavailability in vivo, as well as pharmacokinetics difference compared with conventional gelatine capsules, are explored in depth. Finally, the future applications of HPMC capsules are prospected.

Objective In this article Response Surface Analysis(RSA)was applied to optimize the formulation of doxycycline hydrochloride sustained release tablet.Methods Single factor exploration was used to determine the three factors which have the greatest impact on the release rate.The three factors were the dosage of the HPMC in the total weight of the tablet,the concentration of PVP-K30,and the ratio of lactose to microcrystalline cellulose,respectively.The composite score of the release behaviour was taken as the response value.The dosage of the ingredients were determined by Box-Benhnke design principles and 3 factors and 3 levels.Results The optimized formulation and process are as follows:the dosage of the HPMC in the total weight of the tablet was 30%;the concentration of PVP-K30 was 10%,and the ratio of lactose to microcrystalline cellulose was 13.The release behavior in vitro is ideal.Conclusion The optimized preparation process of doxycycline hydrochloride sustained release tablet is stable,highly efficient and suitable for industrial production.