Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare group of malignancies that develop from the epithelial lining of the biliary tree and have a poor prognosis. Although chemotherapy is the standard of care for patients with advanced BTC in China, its clinical benefits are moderate. In recent years, the approval of targeted therapies and immunotherapies has provided new avenues for the management of advanced BTC. Nonetheless, the increasing number of personalized medicine approaches has created a challenge for clinicians choosing individualized treatment strategies based on tumor characteristics. In this article, we discuss recent progress in implementing precision medicine approaches for advanced BTC in China and examine genomic profiling studies in Chinese patients with advanced BTC. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities of using precision medicine approaches, as well as the importance of considering population-specific factors and tailoring treatment approaches to improve outcomes for patients with BTC. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of current and emerging precision medicine approaches for the management of advanced BTC in China, this review article will support clinicians outside of China by serving as a reference regarding the role of patient- and population-specific factors in clinical decision-making for patients with this rare malignancy.
Humans ; Precision Medicine/methods* ; Biliary Tract Neoplasms/genetics* ; China ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Immunotherapy/methods*

Following the principles of evidence-based medicine,in accordance with the structure and drafting rules of standardized documents,based on literature research,according to the characteristics of chronic cough in children and issues that need to form a consensus,the TCM Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Cough in Children was formulated based on the Delphi method,expert discussion meetings,and public solicitation of opinions.The guideline includes scope of application,terms and definitions,eti-ology and diagnosis,auxiliary examination,treatment,prevention and care.The aim is to clarify the optimal treatment plan of Chinese medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease,and to provide guidance for improving the clinical diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in children with Chinese medicine.

Short-chain fatty acids are metabolites produced by anaerobic bacteria fermenting undigested carbohydrates in the cecum and colon.After being absorbed in the colon，they can regulate intestinal energy metabolism，maintain intestinal mucosal barrier function，regulate intestinal immune function，affect intestinal secretion and absorption，and regulate intestinal microecology through the above functions，thereby changing the frequency of defecation in children.With the in-depth understanding of intestinal microecology，it has been found that the metabolites of intestinal flora also play an important role in the human body.When the frequency of defecation in children changes，the composition of intestinal flora changes，and the content of short-chain fatty acids produced by intestinal flora metabolism also changes.This article reviews the role and mechanism of short-chain fatty acids in children's different defecation frequencies，and provides treatment ideas for children's different defecation frequencies.

There are the largest and most complex microbial groups in the human gastrointestinal tract，which constantly adapt to the host environment and provide multiple key functions for the host.Currently，many diseases are closely related to gastrointestinal motility disorders，including diarrhea，constipation，irritable bowel syndrome and so on.Increasing evidence indicates that the gut microbiota and their metabolites are able to influence gastrointestinal motility，which subsequently influences the development of diseases，and the relationship between them has become a research topic.This article reviews the mechanisms of gut microbiota and their metabolites as well as the mechanisms of probiotics in regulating gastrointestinal motility，in an attempt to provide valuable clues for developing therapies that rely on gut microbiota to improve gastrointestinal motility.

Bile acids can be categorized into primary bile acids，which are synthesized directly in liver cells，and secondary bile acids，which are formed after decomposition by intestinal bacteria. The intestinal flora is diverse and widely used，which is closely related to various functions and diseases in the human body. As one of the main metabolites of intestinal flora，bile acids have a close bidirectional regulation between them.Current research has shown a clear correlation between fecal bile acid levels and changes in gastrointestinal function.This paper will review the relationship between fecal bile acid levels and different defecation frequency in children from the perspective of changes in intestinal bile acids under diarrhea and constipation symptoms，and will provide a research direction for further exploration of the effects of different metabolites based on the composition of bile acids on defecation frequency.

Objective To analyze the changes of vitamin D in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura(HSP).Methods 130 children with HSP from Kunming Children's Hospital between July 2022-July 2023 were selected as the study subjects and 100 healthy children were selected during the same period as the control group.The blood samples were collected from the children with HSP and the healthy children.The content of vitamin D was measured by Kunming Kingmed Institute for Clinical Laboratory.Results The content of 25(OH)D in children with HSP was lower than that in healthy children,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).The proportion of vitamin D insufficiency in children with HSP was higher than that in healthy children,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).Conclusion The children with HSP are prone to vitamin D insufficiency.Vitamin D supplementation may provide a new method for the treatment of HSP.

Human breast milk oligosaccharides are a kind of complex carbohydrates widely existing in human breast milk, which is the third major nutrient in human breast milk and is closely related to the growth and development of infants and some diseases.More than 200 different functional oligosaccharides have been identified for their role in regulating intestinal flora, regulating immunity and promoting brain development.This article reviews the structural composition, biological function, application and development trend of breast milk oligosaccharides, to provide reference for the application of oligosaccharides in functional food.

Chronic enteropathy associated with solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 gene(CEAS)is an autosomal recessive disease caused by SLCO2A1 gene mutation.Characterized by Persistent, intractable, nonspecific intestinal ulcers that lead to chronic loss of blood and protein.At present, pathogenesis of CEAS is still unclear.Endoscopic examination shows specific intestinal ulcers and intestinal stenosis, which mainly involves ileum.Due to its rare occurrence and similar clinical manifestations with Crohn′s disease and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug related bowel disease, it is easy to be confused clinically.No effective treatment has been established, and iron supplementation, blood transfusion and parenteral or enteral nutrition can be given symptomatic treatment.Surgical treatment is feasible in serious condition, however, all of them can only get a temporary effect.Usually, after the end of treatment, the disease relapses, and the life prognosis is not clear.

It is the hotspot that studying the interplay and mechanism between intestinal flora metabolites and diseases.Deoxycholic acid, one of the intestinal flora metabolites, is one of the most abundant secondary bile acids in human intestinal tract, which is corelated with many diseases, while the mechanisms remain unclear.The imbalance of deoxycholic acid is connected with the intestinal flora disorder and high fat diet, which could result in several immunoreaction and inflammatory reaction.In this review, the interaction between deoxycholic acid and digestive diseases in children, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, is discussed to explore their related mechanism, so as to clarify the direction of further study on the influence of intestinal microbiota metabolites deoxycholic acid on the human body.