Objective:To investigate the clinical, imaging and neuropathological characteristics of neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) with symptoms of the central nervous system, and to improve the diagnosis and treatments of NIID.Methods:The clinical data of 7 patients with NIID diagnosed by brain biopsy in Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China from February 2009 to December 2024 were collected. The characteristics of clinical manifestations, imaging, and histology on brain biopsy were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 7 patients, 5 were male and 2 were female. Their ages ranged from 44 to 70 years, median 56 (52, 65) years. Patients were classified into three types of tumor, stroke and encephalitis according to the onset symptoms, imaging manifestations and pathological changes. The chief complaint of the 5 patients was headache, while 4 patients had paroxysmal convulsions, 3 had speech disorders, 2 had abnormal mental behaviors, 2 had memory decline, and 1 had fever accompanied by consciousness disorders. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed the "ribbon sign" at the junction of the cortex and medulla in 2 cases. Most of the patients had white matter lesions, gyrus swelling and cerebral atrophy. Occasionally gyrus-like enhancement was observed. Brain biopsy reveals the histological changes that matched those on images and initial symptoms. There were proliferation of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the white matter, leukoaraiosis and edema, cortical disintegration and lamellar necrosis, as well as infiltration of lymphocytes and microglia, etc. However, the characteristic changes were eosinophilic hyaline inclusions in the nuclei of neurons and astrocytes. Immunohistochemical staining of p62 and ubiquitin showed homogeneous staining in round or ring-shaped nuclei.Conclusions:The clinical manifestations of NIID are highly variable, and a correct diagnosis of NIID requires careful integration of clinical, imaging and histopathologic data. For patients with a high suspicion of NIID, immunohistochemical staining of p62 and ubiquitin is diagnostically valuable.

In June 2018,sows at a pig farm in Jiamusi,Heilongjiang Province,suffered a large num-ber of miscarriages,and subsequently weaned piglets at the farm began to show persistent high fe-ver symptoms at around 35 days of age,with some pigs having a fever of more than 41.5 ℃.In or-der to determine the cause of this outbreak,63 clinical samples from this farm were tested.The re-sults showed that 60 out of 63 samples were positive for the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)antigen.Subsequently,PRRSV antigen-positive plasmid was transfected into African green monkey embryonic kidney cells(Marc-145),and after three generations of blind transmission,indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)was performed.The results showed that one PRRSV strain,named HLJ38,was successfully isolated.Then the whole genome of HLJ38 strain was sequenced and then analyzed in detail by bioinformatics software.Sequence analysis showed that there were three deletions of 131 amino acids(323-433 aa,483 aa and 504-522 aa)in the derived sequence of Nsp2 gene of HLJ38 strain,which was consistent with the molecular ge-netic marker of NADC30 PRRSV.The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that HLJ38 and NADC30 PRRSV in GenBank belong to lineage 1 subgroup,and the nucleotide homology of HLJ38 and NADC30 PRRSV in GenBank was only 85.2％and 84.6％.Recombinant analysis showed that HLJ38 was a recombinant NADC30-like PRRSV,and the recombinant gene fragments were de-rived from multiple strains,among which the fragment of 1-201 nt was provided by VR2332 strain and fragment of 6 641-8 061 nt derived from the HP-PRRSV strain.In summary,the re-sults showed that the outbreak in this pig farm may be caused by the recombination of PRRSV strains among different lineages,and the recombinant circulating strains not only have certain pathogenicity but also suggest that the existing commercial vaccines provide limited cross-protec-tion against them.Recombination between different lineages increases the genetic diversity of PRRSV and aggravates the difficulty of prevention and control of PRRS in pig farms.Therefore,it is necessary to continuously monitor the epidemic dynamics of PRRSV in pig farms and take effec-tive measures in time to curb the spread of PRRS.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of Candida and predict the detection trend in the southern and northern campuses of Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University,Wuxi,between 2021 and 2024.METHODS A total of 27 056 patients with common Candida infections from the southern and northern campuses of Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University between 2021 and 2024 were selected to analyze the distribution of Candida species and predict the detection trend.RESULTS Among the 27 056 patients,there were 11 061 males and 15 995 fe-males,aged from 1 to 101 years,with a median age of 68 years.Over the past four years,the top five most com-monly detected Candida species in the hospital were Candida albicans,Candida glabrata,Candida tropicalis,Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei.Statistically significant differences were found in infection characteris-tics among patients with C.albicans and C.glabrata in terms of gender,age,specimen source and related diseases(P＜0.05).From 2021 to 2024,the number of detected cases declined in 2022 and then rebounded(P＜0.001).Among the detected patients,those aged 70 and above accounted for the highest proportion.Regarding the distribution of specific diseases,the top three were vaginitis(4 176 cases,15.43％),bacterial pneumonia(1 842 cases,6.81％)and cancer(1 279 cases,4.73％).Patients with vaginitis were mainly infected with C.albicans,while patients with bacterial pneumonia were predominantly infected with C.albicans and C.glabrata.The LSTM model showed a good fit to the training set,with an root-mean-square error(RMSE)of 145.03 and an mean absolute error(MAE)of 131.19.Model predictions indicated that the number of patients with Candida in-fections in the hospital would remain low from Jan.to May 2025,which was basically consistent with actual clini-cal observations(RMSE=94.71,MAE=84.00).CONCLUSIONS The common diseases associated with Candi-da infections in the hospital include vaginitis,bacterial pneumonia and cancer.C.albicans and C.glabrata are the main pathogenic species,and the infection situation is relatively severe.The LSTM model performs well in short-term prediction and dynamic analysis of Candida detection trends.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of Candida and predict the detection trend in the southern and northern campuses of Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University,Wuxi,between 2021 and 2024.METHODS A total of 27 056 patients with common Candida infections from the southern and northern campuses of Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University between 2021 and 2024 were selected to analyze the distribution of Candida species and predict the detection trend.RESULTS Among the 27 056 patients,there were 11 061 males and 15 995 fe-males,aged from 1 to 101 years,with a median age of 68 years.Over the past four years,the top five most com-monly detected Candida species in the hospital were Candida albicans,Candida glabrata,Candida tropicalis,Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei.Statistically significant differences were found in infection characteris-tics among patients with C.albicans and C.glabrata in terms of gender,age,specimen source and related diseases(P＜0.05).From 2021 to 2024,the number of detected cases declined in 2022 and then rebounded(P＜0.001).Among the detected patients,those aged 70 and above accounted for the highest proportion.Regarding the distribution of specific diseases,the top three were vaginitis(4 176 cases,15.43％),bacterial pneumonia(1 842 cases,6.81％)and cancer(1 279 cases,4.73％).Patients with vaginitis were mainly infected with C.albicans,while patients with bacterial pneumonia were predominantly infected with C.albicans and C.glabrata.The LSTM model showed a good fit to the training set,with an root-mean-square error(RMSE)of 145.03 and an mean absolute error(MAE)of 131.19.Model predictions indicated that the number of patients with Candida in-fections in the hospital would remain low from Jan.to May 2025,which was basically consistent with actual clini-cal observations(RMSE=94.71,MAE=84.00).CONCLUSIONS The common diseases associated with Candi-da infections in the hospital include vaginitis,bacterial pneumonia and cancer.C.albicans and C.glabrata are the main pathogenic species,and the infection situation is relatively severe.The LSTM model performs well in short-term prediction and dynamic analysis of Candida detection trends.

In June 2018,sows at a pig farm in Jiamusi,Heilongjiang Province,suffered a large num-ber of miscarriages,and subsequently weaned piglets at the farm began to show persistent high fe-ver symptoms at around 35 days of age,with some pigs having a fever of more than 41.5 ℃.In or-der to determine the cause of this outbreak,63 clinical samples from this farm were tested.The re-sults showed that 60 out of 63 samples were positive for the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)antigen.Subsequently,PRRSV antigen-positive plasmid was transfected into African green monkey embryonic kidney cells(Marc-145),and after three generations of blind transmission,indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)was performed.The results showed that one PRRSV strain,named HLJ38,was successfully isolated.Then the whole genome of HLJ38 strain was sequenced and then analyzed in detail by bioinformatics software.Sequence analysis showed that there were three deletions of 131 amino acids(323-433 aa,483 aa and 504-522 aa)in the derived sequence of Nsp2 gene of HLJ38 strain,which was consistent with the molecular ge-netic marker of NADC30 PRRSV.The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that HLJ38 and NADC30 PRRSV in GenBank belong to lineage 1 subgroup,and the nucleotide homology of HLJ38 and NADC30 PRRSV in GenBank was only 85.2％and 84.6％.Recombinant analysis showed that HLJ38 was a recombinant NADC30-like PRRSV,and the recombinant gene fragments were de-rived from multiple strains,among which the fragment of 1-201 nt was provided by VR2332 strain and fragment of 6 641-8 061 nt derived from the HP-PRRSV strain.In summary,the re-sults showed that the outbreak in this pig farm may be caused by the recombination of PRRSV strains among different lineages,and the recombinant circulating strains not only have certain pathogenicity but also suggest that the existing commercial vaccines provide limited cross-protec-tion against them.Recombination between different lineages increases the genetic diversity of PRRSV and aggravates the difficulty of prevention and control of PRRS in pig farms.Therefore,it is necessary to continuously monitor the epidemic dynamics of PRRSV in pig farms and take effec-tive measures in time to curb the spread of PRRS.

Objective:To investigate the clinical, imaging and neuropathological characteristics of neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) with symptoms of the central nervous system, and to improve the diagnosis and treatments of NIID.Methods:The clinical data of 7 patients with NIID diagnosed by brain biopsy in Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China from February 2009 to December 2024 were collected. The characteristics of clinical manifestations, imaging, and histology on brain biopsy were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 7 patients, 5 were male and 2 were female. Their ages ranged from 44 to 70 years, median 56 (52, 65) years. Patients were classified into three types of tumor, stroke and encephalitis according to the onset symptoms, imaging manifestations and pathological changes. The chief complaint of the 5 patients was headache, while 4 patients had paroxysmal convulsions, 3 had speech disorders, 2 had abnormal mental behaviors, 2 had memory decline, and 1 had fever accompanied by consciousness disorders. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed the "ribbon sign" at the junction of the cortex and medulla in 2 cases. Most of the patients had white matter lesions, gyrus swelling and cerebral atrophy. Occasionally gyrus-like enhancement was observed. Brain biopsy reveals the histological changes that matched those on images and initial symptoms. There were proliferation of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the white matter, leukoaraiosis and edema, cortical disintegration and lamellar necrosis, as well as infiltration of lymphocytes and microglia, etc. However, the characteristic changes were eosinophilic hyaline inclusions in the nuclei of neurons and astrocytes. Immunohistochemical staining of p62 and ubiquitin showed homogeneous staining in round or ring-shaped nuclei.Conclusions:The clinical manifestations of NIID are highly variable, and a correct diagnosis of NIID requires careful integration of clinical, imaging and histopathologic data. For patients with a high suspicion of NIID, immunohistochemical staining of p62 and ubiquitin is diagnostically valuable.

Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is the pathogen of COVID-19. Some severe cases may suffer from respiratory failure or even death, which poses a great challenge to global public health. 2019-nCoV proteins not only participate in virus proliferation, but also play an important role in antagonizing host innate immune response, especially interferon response. In this paper, 2019-nCoV proteins involved in regulating host interferon response and the complex interaction between 2019-nCoV and interferons were summarized, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the prevention and control of COVID-19.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features, diagnosis and prognosis of diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT).Methods:Five cases of DLGNT diagnosed from January 2016 to January 2020 were collected from Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. The clinical features, histopathologic characteristics, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic findings and prognosis were analyzed and the relevant literature was reviewed.Results:The five patients (two males and three females) were aged 2 to 52 years (median 11 years), and had history of increased intracranial pressure (headache and vomiting) or limb weakness. Three of them were younger than 16 years of age. The imaging studies showed diffuse intracranial and intraspinal nodular leptomeningeal thickening and enhancement, with or without parenchymal involvement. At times there were associated small cyst-like lesions. Imaging interpretations were inflammatory lesions in three cases and space occupying lesions in two. Microscopically, in three cases the tumors showed low to moderate cellularity, consisting of relatively monomorphous oligodendrocyte-like cells arranged in small nests or diffusely distribution. No mitosis and necrosis were observed. In two cases there were increased cellularity with a diffuse honeycomb pattern. The tumor showed mild to moderate polymorphism with hyperchromatic nuclei. Mitosis, endothelial vascular proliferation and glomeruloid vessels were seen. Necrosis was absent. The tumor cells in all five cases were positive for synaptophysin,Olig2 and negative for IDH1 and H3 K27M. GFAP was focally positive in four cases and only one case expressed NeuN partly. The Ki-67 labeling index was 1%-35%. BRAF fusion was detected in four cases. Genetic analysis showed solitary 1p deletion in two cases (2/5), while all cases were negative for 1p/19q co-deletion (0/5). The five patients were followed up for 13 to 28 months (median 15 month). One patient died after 27 months. There was no evidence of tumor progression in the remaining four patients.Conclusions:DLGNT is rare and easily confused with other central nervous system tumors and inflammatory lesions. Therefore, the diagnosis of DLGNT should be made based on comprehensive information including imaging, morphologic and corresponding immunohistochemical examinations and molecular genetics to avoid misdiagnosis and delay in management.

Objective: To investigate the clinicpathologic features and probable mechanisms of massive subcortical heterotopia. Methods: Clinical data, histologic features and neuropathologic data were analyzed in five cases of massive subcortical heterotopia collected from Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2014 to October 2017. Results: All five patients (three males and two females) had a history of refractory epilepsy with a mean period of 15.4 years (range 7 to 21 years). The median age at surgery was 28.6 years(range 20 to 39 years). Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the lesions were located in the temporal lobe (two cases), parietal lobe (one case), both temporal and occipital lobes (one case) and both temporal and parietal lobes (one case). Pathologic examination disclosed that massive gray matter in subcortical and deep white matter with various shape and size. Moreover, one case also showed subpial and periventricular heterotopias and polymicrogyria. Polymicrogyria or hippocampal sclerosis were seen in the remaining three cases. None of the five patients experienced seizure attacks during the follow-up period. Conclusions Heterotopia is malformations due to abnormal neuronal migration. Massive subcortical heterotopia due to widespread abnormal neuronal migration is relatively rare. The mechanism of heterotopia together with polymicrogyria needs further discussion.

Objective: To investigate the usefulness of loss of CIC expression as the prescreening detection of 1p/19q co-deletion in the diagnosis of oligodendroglial tumors and its prognostic implication. Methods: The retrospective study included 113 oligodendroglial tumors diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. Expression of CIC protein was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the 1p/19q co-deletion by fluorescence in situ hybridization in all the tumors; and the correlation of the loss of protein and 1p/19q co-deletion with prognosis was assessed. Results: The rate of negative CIC protein expression was 59.3% (67/113) in 113 oligodendroglial tumors. CIC protein expression was differentially lost in various gliomas, 85.7% (42/49) in pure oligodendrogliomas and 39.1% (25/64) in mixed oligodendroglial tumors (P<0.01). The loss of CIC protein expression showed a sensitivity of 76.1% (54/71), specificity 71.1% (27/38), false positive rate of 16.9% (11/65), and a false negative rate of 38.6% (17/44). In 63 cases integrated diagnosis as oligodendroglial tumors with mutant IDH and 1p/19q co-deletion, the loss of CIC protein expression was 81.0% (51/63); the sensitivity and specificity were increased to 81.0% (51/63) and 76.9% (20/26), and the false positive rate and false negative rate decreased to 10.5% (6/57) and 37.5% (12/32), respectively. By using Kaplan-Meier analysis, the CIC negative group showed a trend towards better outcome than the CIC positive group, but there was no statistical difference (overall survival: P=0.218; progression free survival: P=0.249). Conclusions Detection of the lost CIC protein expression can predict the chromosome 1p/19q co-deletion. In oligodendroglial tumors with IDH mutant and 1p/19q co-deletion, there is no relation between prognosis and CIC protein expression.