and Relevance: Evidence from the literature suggests that, when integrated appropriately, simulation technologies, digital learning environments, and AI-assisted tools collectively enhance the key elements of veterinary training. These approaches can support safer clinical practice, help standardize skill development, and broaden access to quality training, particularly in resource-limited settings. Instead of hypothesizing new mechanisms, this review uses current evidence to highlight practical implications for curriculum design and clinical preparedness. Continued investment in faculty development, ethical use of AI, and infrastructure is essential for achieving sustainable, technology-enhanced veterinary education.

Stereotactic radiotherapy is widely favored because of its high treatment precision and less fractionations.ZND-A is a new domestic gamma-ray cone-beam focused stereotactic radiotherapy system.Herein the technical characteristics of ZND-A system are described in detail from the aspects of the treatment frame,gamma-ray module,collimator module,six-dimensional treatment couch module and image-guided system module,and the main parameters are compared with the mainstream gamma knife equipments at home and abroad.With reference to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(RECIST 1.1),the initial efficacy of the patients treated by the ZND-A system is analyzed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the ZND-A system for providing a reference for the hospital clinical use of this type of gamma knife.

Stereotactic radiotherapy is widely favored because of its high treatment precision and less fractionations.ZND-A is a new domestic gamma-ray cone-beam focused stereotactic radiotherapy system.Herein the technical characteristics of ZND-A system are described in detail from the aspects of the treatment frame,gamma-ray module,collimator module,six-dimensional treatment couch module and image-guided system module,and the main parameters are compared with the mainstream gamma knife equipments at home and abroad.With reference to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(RECIST 1.1),the initial efficacy of the patients treated by the ZND-A system is analyzed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the ZND-A system for providing a reference for the hospital clinical use of this type of gamma knife.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sweet potato leaf extract on production per-formance,systematic and mammary gland oxidative stress status and rumen microbiota of dairy goats fed high concentrate diets.Twenty Guanzhong dairy goats with same parity,similar lactation period(120±15)d and healthy body condition were selected and randomly divided into four groups:low-concentrate(LC),low-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf extract(LCS),high-concentrate(HC)and high-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf ex-tract(HCS).The experimental period was 35 days.The results showed that in the third week,milk yield in the HCS group was significantly higher than that in the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05).The content of lipopolysaccharide in the rumen fluid of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the other three groups(P＜0.05),the content of malondialdehyde in the serum of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the LCS group(P＜0.05),the content of reactive oxygen species,protein carbonyl,8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the milk of the HC group was sig-nificantly higher than that of the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05),GSH-Px in HCS group was sig-nificantly higher than that in the other three groups(P＜0.05).After the addition of sweet potato leaf extract,there was an increasing trend in the content of Anabaena phylum at the phylum level.In the joint analysis of genera,rumen fluid LPS showed highly significant negative correlation with Succiniclasticum(P＜0.01)and negative correlation with Prevotella(P＜0.05).Valeric acid was negatively correlated with Prevotella(P＜0.05).The pH value was negatively correlated with Treponema(P＜0.05).Butyric acid was positively correlated with Anaeroplasma(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the addition of sweet potato leaf extract to the diet can increase milk production and al-leviate the state of mammary gland oxidative stress,as well as improving rumen microbial diversi-ty of dairy goats.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair (LHHR) combined with Nissen, Toupet, or Dor fundoplication.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of 102 hiatal hernia patients who were admitted to 4 hospitals including Gansu Provincial Central Hospital from January 2019 to December 2023 were collected. There were 46 males and 56 females, aged (54±4)years. Among the 102 patients, 37 cases who underwent LHHR combined with Nissen fundoplication were assigned to the Nissen group, 34 cases who underwent LHHR combined with Toupet fundoplication were assigned to the Toupet group, and 31 cases who underwent LHHR combined with Dor fundoplication were assigned to the Dor group. Observation indicators: (1) surgical conditions and postoperative recovery; (2) dysphagia before and after surgery; (3) gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GERD-Q) scores before and after surgery. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison of measurement data with normal distribution among groups. In ANOVA, if there were statistically significant differences among groups, the least significant difference (LSD) method was further used for pairwise compari-son. Repeated-measures ANOVA was applied for comparison of repeated measure-ment data. Comparison of count data among multiple groups was conducetd using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability, and the Dunn-Bonferroni correction was used for further pairwise comparison. Comparison of ranked data between groups was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results:(1) Surgical conditions and postoperative recovery. There was no significant difference in operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, time to postoperative first flatus, length of hospital stay, or the incidence of postoperative in-hospital dysphagia, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, diarrhea among the three groups ( P>0.05). At 12 months after surgery, there was no hernia recurrence in the Nissen group, 1 case of recurrence in the Toupet group, and 1 case of recurrence in the Dor group, showing no significant difference among the three groups ( P>0.05). (2) Dysphagia before and after surgery. Before surgery, there was no significant difference in the incidence of dysphagia among the three groups ( P>0.05). At 1 month after surgery, the number of patients with dysphagia in the Nissen group, Toupet group, and Dor group was 20, 18, and 7, respectively, showing a significant difference among the three groups ( χ2=8.39, P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the Nissen group and Toupet group ( P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the Nissen group and Dor group, between the Toupet group and Dor group ( χ2=6.98, 6.32, P<0.05). However, at 6 and 12 months after surgery, there was no significant difference in the incidence of dysphagia among the three groups ( P>0.05). (3) GERD-Q scores before and after surgery. The GERD-Q scores before surgery, at 1 month and 6 months after surgery were 10.8±1.9, 8.5±2.1, 7.1±1.9 of the Nissen group, 11.0±1.6, 8.6±1.9, and 7.1±1.7 of the Toupet group, 10.7±1.6, 8.7±1.9, 7.2±1.8 of the Dor group, respectively. For the GERD-Q scores of the three groups before and after surgery, there was a significant difference in the time effect ( F=104.17, P<0.05), while no significant difference was found in the inter-group effect and interaction effect ( F=0.13, 0.16, P>0.05). Intra-group comparison of GERD-Q scores in the three groups before surgery, at 1 month and 6 months after surgery showed significant differences respectively ( F=38.37, 40.29, 27.20, P<0.05). Conclusions:LHHR combined with Nissen, Toupet, or Dor fundoplication is safe and effective in the treatment of hiatal hernia , which can achieve good anti-reflux effects. The Dor fundoplication is associated with a lower short-term incidence of postoperative dysphagia.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sweet potato leaf extract on production per-formance,systematic and mammary gland oxidative stress status and rumen microbiota of dairy goats fed high concentrate diets.Twenty Guanzhong dairy goats with same parity,similar lactation period(120±15)d and healthy body condition were selected and randomly divided into four groups:low-concentrate(LC),low-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf extract(LCS),high-concentrate(HC)and high-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf ex-tract(HCS).The experimental period was 35 days.The results showed that in the third week,milk yield in the HCS group was significantly higher than that in the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05).The content of lipopolysaccharide in the rumen fluid of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the other three groups(P＜0.05),the content of malondialdehyde in the serum of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the LCS group(P＜0.05),the content of reactive oxygen species,protein carbonyl,8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the milk of the HC group was sig-nificantly higher than that of the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05),GSH-Px in HCS group was sig-nificantly higher than that in the other three groups(P＜0.05).After the addition of sweet potato leaf extract,there was an increasing trend in the content of Anabaena phylum at the phylum level.In the joint analysis of genera,rumen fluid LPS showed highly significant negative correlation with Succiniclasticum(P＜0.01)and negative correlation with Prevotella(P＜0.05).Valeric acid was negatively correlated with Prevotella(P＜0.05).The pH value was negatively correlated with Treponema(P＜0.05).Butyric acid was positively correlated with Anaeroplasma(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the addition of sweet potato leaf extract to the diet can increase milk production and al-leviate the state of mammary gland oxidative stress,as well as improving rumen microbial diversi-ty of dairy goats.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair (LHHR) combined with Nissen, Toupet, or Dor fundoplication.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of 102 hiatal hernia patients who were admitted to 4 hospitals including Gansu Provincial Central Hospital from January 2019 to December 2023 were collected. There were 46 males and 56 females, aged (54±4)years. Among the 102 patients, 37 cases who underwent LHHR combined with Nissen fundoplication were assigned to the Nissen group, 34 cases who underwent LHHR combined with Toupet fundoplication were assigned to the Toupet group, and 31 cases who underwent LHHR combined with Dor fundoplication were assigned to the Dor group. Observation indicators: (1) surgical conditions and postoperative recovery; (2) dysphagia before and after surgery; (3) gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GERD-Q) scores before and after surgery. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison of measurement data with normal distribution among groups. In ANOVA, if there were statistically significant differences among groups, the least significant difference (LSD) method was further used for pairwise compari-son. Repeated-measures ANOVA was applied for comparison of repeated measure-ment data. Comparison of count data among multiple groups was conducetd using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability, and the Dunn-Bonferroni correction was used for further pairwise comparison. Comparison of ranked data between groups was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results:(1) Surgical conditions and postoperative recovery. There was no significant difference in operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, time to postoperative first flatus, length of hospital stay, or the incidence of postoperative in-hospital dysphagia, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, diarrhea among the three groups ( P>0.05). At 12 months after surgery, there was no hernia recurrence in the Nissen group, 1 case of recurrence in the Toupet group, and 1 case of recurrence in the Dor group, showing no significant difference among the three groups ( P>0.05). (2) Dysphagia before and after surgery. Before surgery, there was no significant difference in the incidence of dysphagia among the three groups ( P>0.05). At 1 month after surgery, the number of patients with dysphagia in the Nissen group, Toupet group, and Dor group was 20, 18, and 7, respectively, showing a significant difference among the three groups ( χ2=8.39, P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the Nissen group and Toupet group ( P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the Nissen group and Dor group, between the Toupet group and Dor group ( χ2=6.98, 6.32, P<0.05). However, at 6 and 12 months after surgery, there was no significant difference in the incidence of dysphagia among the three groups ( P>0.05). (3) GERD-Q scores before and after surgery. The GERD-Q scores before surgery, at 1 month and 6 months after surgery were 10.8±1.9, 8.5±2.1, 7.1±1.9 of the Nissen group, 11.0±1.6, 8.6±1.9, and 7.1±1.7 of the Toupet group, 10.7±1.6, 8.7±1.9, 7.2±1.8 of the Dor group, respectively. For the GERD-Q scores of the three groups before and after surgery, there was a significant difference in the time effect ( F=104.17, P<0.05), while no significant difference was found in the inter-group effect and interaction effect ( F=0.13, 0.16, P>0.05). Intra-group comparison of GERD-Q scores in the three groups before surgery, at 1 month and 6 months after surgery showed significant differences respectively ( F=38.37, 40.29, 27.20, P<0.05). Conclusions:LHHR combined with Nissen, Toupet, or Dor fundoplication is safe and effective in the treatment of hiatal hernia , which can achieve good anti-reflux effects. The Dor fundoplication is associated with a lower short-term incidence of postoperative dysphagia.

Objective To investigate the progress of two-dimensional echocardiographic parameters in patients with different severity of aortic stenosis.Methods A retrospective analysis was per-formed on 96 patients diagnosed with aortic stenosis with at least 2 times of transthoracic echo-cardiography(interval ≥1 year)in Department of Cardiology,Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from March 2017 to December 2023.According to aortic stenosis severity,they were divided into a mild group(72 cases),a moderate group(14 cases)and a severe group(10 cases).Peak pressure gradient(PPG)across aortic valve,Vmax,mean aortic valve pressure gradient(ΔPm),pulmonary artery systolic pressure(PASP)were collected,and the changes and annual progress of these echocardiographic parameters at baseline and before and after follow-up were analyzed.Results The values of IVST,LVPWT,Vmax,aortic valve PPG and ΔPm were sig-nificantly increased in the mild,moderate and severe stenosis groups in turn(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The values of Vmax,PPG and ΔPm were significantly lower in the mild stenosis group than the moderate and severe stenosis groups,and the LVPWT value was obviously lower in the mild ste-nosis group than the severe stenosis group(P＜0.05).The aortic valve PPG and ΔPm values at follow-up were significantly higher than those before the follow-up in the three stenosis groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).After follow-up,the Vmax values in mild and moderate stenosis groups were notably higher than before(P＜0.01).The PASP value at follow-up was significantly higher than before in the severe stenosis group(P＜0.05).The annual progression rate of Vmax,PASP,LVEF were gradually increased in the mild,moderate,and severe stenosis groups(P＞0.05).The annual progression rate of ΔPm was gradually increased in the three groups in turn(2.30±1.77 mm Hg/year vs 2.40±1.18 mm Hg/year vs 6.08±1.70 mm Hg/year,P＜0.05).Conclusion As the severity of baseline aortic stenosis increases,obvious changes are observed in cardiac structure and function.Before and after follow-up,the serious the aortic stenosis severity is,the faster the annual progression rates of Vmax,PPG,LVEF and PASP are.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Huangqin Decoction(HQD)on ulcerative colitis(UC)in mice and explore its mechanism.Methods Male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group,model group,mesalazine group(5-ASA,200 mg/kg),and low-,medium-and high-dose HQD groups(2.275,4.55 and 9.1 g/kg,respectively).With the exception of those in the normal control group,all the mice were exposed to 3%DSS solution in drinking water for 7 days to establish UC models.After treatment with the indicated drugs,the mice were assessed for colon injury and apoptosis using HE,AB-PAS and TUNEL staining,and the expression levels of inflammatory factors were detected with ELISA.Western blotting,immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were used to detect the changes in protein expressions associated with the intestinal chemical barrier,mechanical barrier and endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS).Results HQD treatment significantly reduced DAI score and macro score of UC mice,decreased colonic epithelial cell apoptosis,lowered expressions of IL-6,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-8,and enhanced the expressions of MUC2 and TFF3.HQD treatment also upregulated the protein expressions of claudin-1,occludin and E-cadherin,reduced the expressions of GRP78,CHOP,caspase-12 and caspase-3,decreased the phosphorylation levels of PERK,eIF2α and IRE1α,and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the colon tissues of UC mice.Conclusion HQD inhibits colonic epithelial cell apoptosis and improves intestinal barrier function in UC mice possibly by reducing ERS mediated by the PERK and IRE1α signaling pathways.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Huangqin Decoction(HQD)on ulcerative colitis(UC)in mice and explore its mechanism.Methods Male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group,model group,mesalazine group(5-ASA,200 mg/kg),and low-,medium-and high-dose HQD groups(2.275,4.55 and 9.1 g/kg,respectively).With the exception of those in the normal control group,all the mice were exposed to 3%DSS solution in drinking water for 7 days to establish UC models.After treatment with the indicated drugs,the mice were assessed for colon injury and apoptosis using HE,AB-PAS and TUNEL staining,and the expression levels of inflammatory factors were detected with ELISA.Western blotting,immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were used to detect the changes in protein expressions associated with the intestinal chemical barrier,mechanical barrier and endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS).Results HQD treatment significantly reduced DAI score and macro score of UC mice,decreased colonic epithelial cell apoptosis,lowered expressions of IL-6,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-8,and enhanced the expressions of MUC2 and TFF3.HQD treatment also upregulated the protein expressions of claudin-1,occludin and E-cadherin,reduced the expressions of GRP78,CHOP,caspase-12 and caspase-3,decreased the phosphorylation levels of PERK,eIF2α and IRE1α,and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the colon tissues of UC mice.Conclusion HQD inhibits colonic epithelial cell apoptosis and improves intestinal barrier function in UC mice possibly by reducing ERS mediated by the PERK and IRE1α signaling pathways.