Objective To analyze the economic burden of nosocomial infections (NIs) in malignant tumor patients.Methods Clinical data of malignant tumor patients treated in a tertiary Grade A hospital from January 1,2020 to December 31,2022 were collected.Propensity score matching (PSM) and marginal analysis were used to estimate the economic burden of NIs in malignant tumor patients.Results Among 21484 malignant tumors patients,205 patients developed NIs and the infection rate was 0.95％.PSM indicated that the total medical expense was 7115755 Yuan RMB for malignant tumor patients with NIs from 2020 to 2021,among which the incremental medical expense due to NIs was 5473910 Yuan RMB,accounting for 76.93％ of the total expenses.The increment in medical expenses was mainly due to the cost of laboratory diagnosis,antibacterial drugs,imaging fee and surgical treatment.NIs extended the length of hospital stay for 20.0 days per malignant tumor patient,and the indirect economic burden was 7600 Yuan RMB.The economic loss of hospital stay due to NIs was 229760 Yuan RMB (M％=5％) in the 3-year period.The ratio of hospital profit loss due to NIs was about 3.52.Conclusions NIs in malignant tumor patients will extend the length of hospital stay,increase hospital expenses and affect the improvement of medical care quality which will cause heavy economic burden to patients,families and hospitals.Controlling the cost of antimicrobial drugs,laboratory diagnosis,imaging diagnosis and surgical treatment will be a key to reducing the total hospitalization cost of malignant tumor patients with NIs.

Objective To analyze the economic burden of nosocomial infections (NIs) in malignant tumor patients.Methods Clinical data of malignant tumor patients treated in a tertiary Grade A hospital from January 1,2020 to December 31,2022 were collected.Propensity score matching (PSM) and marginal analysis were used to estimate the economic burden of NIs in malignant tumor patients.Results Among 21484 malignant tumors patients,205 patients developed NIs and the infection rate was 0.95％.PSM indicated that the total medical expense was 7115755 Yuan RMB for malignant tumor patients with NIs from 2020 to 2021,among which the incremental medical expense due to NIs was 5473910 Yuan RMB,accounting for 76.93％ of the total expenses.The increment in medical expenses was mainly due to the cost of laboratory diagnosis,antibacterial drugs,imaging fee and surgical treatment.NIs extended the length of hospital stay for 20.0 days per malignant tumor patient,and the indirect economic burden was 7600 Yuan RMB.The economic loss of hospital stay due to NIs was 229760 Yuan RMB (M％=5％) in the 3-year period.The ratio of hospital profit loss due to NIs was about 3.52.Conclusions NIs in malignant tumor patients will extend the length of hospital stay,increase hospital expenses and affect the improvement of medical care quality which will cause heavy economic burden to patients,families and hospitals.Controlling the cost of antimicrobial drugs,laboratory diagnosis,imaging diagnosis and surgical treatment will be a key to reducing the total hospitalization cost of malignant tumor patients with NIs.

Objective:To observe the changes of serum cytokines in patients with neuromyelitis optic neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorder (NMOSD) associated optic neuritis (NMOSD-ON) before and after intravenous methylprednisolone pulse (IVMP) treatment.Methods:A prospective clinical study. From November 2020 to December 2021, 24 NMOSD-ON patients who visited the Neuro-Ophthalmology Clinic of Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were included. Among them, 9 patients were male; 15 patients were female. According to the detection results of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (AQP4-IgG) in peripheral blood, the patients were divided into AQP4-lgG positive group and AQP4-lgG negative group, which were 10 and 14 cases respectively. Twenty healthy volunteers were selected as control group. Age ( F=0.639) and sex ( χ2=2.373) composition ratio of the three groups were compared, the difference were not statistically significant ( P=0.504, 0.333). All patients were treated with 500 mg/d or 1 000 mg/d IVMP. Peripheral venous blood of all subjects, and quantitatively analyze interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-31, IL-33, IL-17A, IL-6, IL-21, IL-23, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level in serum with Luminex FLEX MAP 3D liquid-phase suspension chip detection system were collected. The differences among groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis H test. Results:Before IVMP treatment, serum IL-17A concentrations in AQP4-lgG positive group, AQP4-lgG negative group and control group were 2.39, 2.17 and 1.97 pg/ml, respectively. TNF-α concentrations were 5.60, 4.17 and 5.89 pg/ml, respectively. Compared with control group, serum IL-17A concentration in AQP4-IgG positive group was increased, while TNF-α concentration in AQP4-IgG negative group was decreased, with statistical significance ( H=12.720, 10.900; P=0.040, 0.039). The levels of IL-17A, IL-6 and other cytokines did not change significantly. After IVMP treatment, serum IL-6 in AQP4-lgG positive group and AQP4-lgG negative group were 0.72 pg/ml and 0.73 pg/ml, respectively. TNF-α concentrations were 4.17 pg/ml and 3.88 pg/ml, respectively. IFN-γ concentrations were 2.15 pg/ml and 2.55 pg/ml, respectively. Compared with before treatment, serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in AQP4-lgG positive patients were significantly decreased, with statistical significance ( Z=-2.668, -2.547, -2.201; P=0.008, 0.011, 0.028). Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in AQP4-lgG negative patients, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-2.501, -1.978; P=0.012, 0.048). Conclusion:Glucocorticoid may play a therapeutic role by affecting the levels of serum IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ in patients with NMOSD-ON.

Objective:To observe the clinical characteristics of patients with visual impairment caused by fungal sphenoid sinusitis and analyze the influencing factors related to visual prognosis.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From January 2006 to December 2020, 44 patients (55 eyes) with visual impairment caused by fungal sphenoid sinusitis confirmed by imaging and pathological examination in the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Tongren Hospital were included in the study. Patients was first diagnosed in the Department of Ophthalmology due to monocular or binocular vision loss, or binocular diplopia, limited eye movement and ptosis. All patients underwent visual acuity examination and fundus color photography. CT examination of paranasal sinus or orbit was performed in 37 cases; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of paranasal sinus, brain or orbit was performed in 34 cases. All patients underwent endoscopic sinus opening combined with intrasinus lesion clearance; 14 cases were treated with antifungal drugs after operation. The average follow-up time was 59.61±37.70 months. Comparison of clinical characteristics between invasive and non-invasive fungal sphenoid sinusitis were by χ 2 test or Fisher exact test. The influencing factors with P<0.2 in univariate analysis were selected for multivariate regression analysis. Results:Among the 44 patients, there were 19 males and 25 females; the ratio of male to female was 1:1.3; the average age of visual symptoms was 61.48 ± 12.17 years; 23 cases (52.3%, 23/44) suffered from immune dysfunction, including 21 cases of diabetes mellitus. The visual acuity decreased in 33 cases (44 eyes) (75.0%, 33/44). There were 15 cases of binocular diplopia with eye movement disorder (34.0%, 15/44), including 6 cases with visual impairment. The visual acuity of the affected eye was no light perception-0.8. There were 35 cases with headache (79.5%, 35/44). Nasal symptoms were found in 14 cases (31.8%, 14/44). There were 40 and 4 cases of Aspergillus and Mucor infection in sphenoid sinus, respectively. Among the 37 cases who underwent CT examination of paranasal sinus or orbit, there were soft tissue filling in the sinus cavity, including 19 cases of high-density calcification in the sinus cavity (51.4%, 19/37); bone defect of sinus wall were in 24 cases (64.9%, 24/37). There were 26 cases (70.3%, 26/37) of sinus wall osteosclerosis. MRI of paranasal sinus, brain or orbit was performed in 34 cases. T1WI of sphenoid sinus lesions showed low signal, high signal and equal signal in 14, 10 and 9 cases, respectively; T2WI showed high signal, low signal and equal signal in 13, 16 and 2 cases respectively. After enhancement, the lesions were strengthened in 11 cases, no obvious enhancement in 23 cases, and the surrounding mucosa was thickened and strengthened. The lesions involved the orbital apex and cavernous sinus in 18 and 16 cases, respectively; orbital apex and cavernous sinus were involved in 12 cases. Six months after operation, visual acuity was significantly improved in 27 eyes (65.9%, 27/41); visual acuity did not improve in 14 eyes (34.1%, 14/41). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the change of sinus wall osteosclerosis was associated with higher visual acuity improvement rate (odds ratio= 0.089, 95% confidence interval 0.015-0.529, P=0.008). Conclusions:Fungal sphenoid sinusitis related visual impairment is relatively common in elderly female patients with low immune function; monocular vision loss with persistent headache is the most common clinical symptom; imaging findings of sphenoid sinus lesions are an important basis for diagnosis. Sphenoid sinus opening combined with sinus lesion clearance is an effective treatment. After operation, the visual acuity of most patients can be improved. The prognosis of visual acuity was relatively good in patients with hyperplasia and sclerosis of sphenoid sinus wall bone.

Objective:To determine national trends for breast conserving surgery and to explore the factors affecting the scale of breast conserving surgery in China.Methods:A questionnaire survey was mailed to 110 hospitals with an year′s volume of more than 200 breast cancer surgeries in each center in China concerning hospital variations and percentage of breast conserving surgery.Results:The overall proportion of breast conserving surgery is 21.9% for operable breast cancer in China. There is a significant positive correlation between local Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the rate of breast conserving surgery ( P=0.001). Hospitals with higher annual operation volume have higher breast-conserving ratios( P=0.042). Compared with non-teaching hospitals, more patients with stage I breast cancer underwent breast conserving surgery in teaching hospitals ( P=0.021). After breast-conserving surgery, the proportion of positive margins needing reoperation had a lower percentage and in cancer hospitals it was the lowest ( P=0.023). The method of pathological evaluation and the remedy strategy for positive margin was not related to per capita GDP and hospital category ( P>0.05). Conclusions:This survey demonstrates the current practices of breast conserving surgery in China. Local GDP, hospital category and tumor stage were factors influencing breast conserving surgery. Breast conserving surgery in China is still at a low level compared with developed countries.

Objective:To investigate the current trend of breast cancer neoadjuvant therapy and provide reference for the improvement of breast cancer clinical guideline in the future.Methods:Questionnaires of cross-sectional survey were sent to 110 hospitals (breast cancer surgery quantity surpassing 200) between July 2018 and September 2018. The stages and subtypes, therapeutic regimen, treatment assession, operation choice and preforming of patients underwent neoadjuvant therapy were recorded.Results:Neoadjuvant treatment has been performed in all of the 110 hospitals. The total number of breast patients underwent neoadjuvant therapy was about 14 550 (17.0% in surgical patients) in 2017. For all of the neoadjuvant patients, the proportion of stageⅡ patients was less than 30% in 81 hospitals, and the proportion of stage Ⅲ was more than 50% in 84 hospitals. The numbers of estrogen receptor (ER) (+ )/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) (-), ER (-)/HER-2 (+ ) and triple negative subtype breast cancer patients were 3 550 (24.4%), 6 024 (41.4%) and 4 991 (34.3%), respectively. Patient′s scruples of relatively delayed operation and weak will of breast conservation after neoadjuvant therapy were the majority reasons for neoadjuvant therapy restriction. Anthracycline followed by taxane was the most usual neoadjuvant therapeutic regimens in 53.6% hospitals, and anthracycline plus taxane was the first choice in 42.7% hospitals. Chemotherapy with targeting therapy was recommended to HER-2 positive neoadjuvant patients in 80.9% hospitals. To assess treatment outcome of neoadjuvant treatment, 42.7% hospitals used MRI in more than 50% patients while the usage rate of MRI was less than 20% in 37.3% hospitals. The proportions of hospital using repeat-marking, tattoo and metal clip as the first method to identify the primary tumor region and lymph nodes were 60.0%, 29.1% and 10.9%, respectively. Breast-conservation rate after neoadjuvant therapy was less than 20% in 87.3% hospitals.Conclusions:Neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer is widely performed in most hospitals in China, while the proportion of neoadjuvant treatment in patients with operable breast cancer is still low. Meanwhile, the idea of achieving de-escalation operation through neoadjuvant treatment is not promoted and the therapeutic evaluation method of neoadjuvant treatment needs further studies to improve.

Objective:To investigate the current trend of breast cancer neoadjuvant therapy and provide reference for the improvement of breast cancer clinical guideline in the future.Methods:Questionnaires of cross-sectional survey were sent to 110 hospitals (breast cancer surgery quantity surpassing 200) between July 2018 and September 2018. The stages and subtypes, therapeutic regimen, treatment assession, operation choice and preforming of patients underwent neoadjuvant therapy were recorded.Results:Neoadjuvant treatment has been performed in all of the 110 hospitals. The total number of breast patients underwent neoadjuvant therapy was about 14 550 (17.0% in surgical patients) in 2017. For all of the neoadjuvant patients, the proportion of stageⅡ patients was less than 30% in 81 hospitals, and the proportion of stage Ⅲ was more than 50% in 84 hospitals. The numbers of estrogen receptor (ER) (+ )/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) (-), ER (-)/HER-2 (+ ) and triple negative subtype breast cancer patients were 3 550 (24.4%), 6 024 (41.4%) and 4 991 (34.3%), respectively. Patient′s scruples of relatively delayed operation and weak will of breast conservation after neoadjuvant therapy were the majority reasons for neoadjuvant therapy restriction. Anthracycline followed by taxane was the most usual neoadjuvant therapeutic regimens in 53.6% hospitals, and anthracycline plus taxane was the first choice in 42.7% hospitals. Chemotherapy with targeting therapy was recommended to HER-2 positive neoadjuvant patients in 80.9% hospitals. To assess treatment outcome of neoadjuvant treatment, 42.7% hospitals used MRI in more than 50% patients while the usage rate of MRI was less than 20% in 37.3% hospitals. The proportions of hospital using repeat-marking, tattoo and metal clip as the first method to identify the primary tumor region and lymph nodes were 60.0%, 29.1% and 10.9%, respectively. Breast-conservation rate after neoadjuvant therapy was less than 20% in 87.3% hospitals.Conclusions:Neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer is widely performed in most hospitals in China, while the proportion of neoadjuvant treatment in patients with operable breast cancer is still low. Meanwhile, the idea of achieving de-escalation operation through neoadjuvant treatment is not promoted and the therapeutic evaluation method of neoadjuvant treatment needs further studies to improve.

Objectives To examine the influence factors on axillary evaluation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients, and the prognosis of different choices of axillary evaluation in a single?center retrospective study. Methods Totally 1 557 DCIS patients admitted in Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center from January 2006 to November 2016 were retrospectively enrolled. All patients were female. The median age was 49 years (range: 21 to 85 years). Surgical methods included modified radical mastectomy, simple mastectomy (with or without axillary evaluation) and breast conservation surgery (with or without axillary evaluation). Axillary evaluation included axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). T tests, χ2 test and Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze influence factors on axillary evaluation, respectively. Kaplan?Meier curve and Log?rank analysis were used to evaluate recurrence?free survival (RFS) and loco?regional recurrence?free survival (LRRFS) in patients with different surgical methods. Results Among the 1 557 DCIS patients, there were 1 226 cases received axillary evaluation, while 331 cases not received axillary evaluation. Patients were separated into 3 groups by different axillary evaluation choices: SLNB group (957 cases, 61.46%), ALND group (197 cases, 12.65%) and no evaluation group (403 cases, 25.88%). The patients in SLNB group increased significantly (P=0.000), from 3.85% (60/1 557) in 2006 to 75.19% (1 170/1 557) in 2016. The independent influence factors of receiving axillary evaluation were high nuclear grade ( OR=3.191, 95%CI : 1.722 to 5.912, P=0.001) and tumor size>15 mm ( OR=1.698, 95 %CI : 1.120 to 2.573, P=0.012). Also, patients received breast conservation surgery were more likely to refuse axillary evaluation ( OR=0.155, 95%CI : 0.103 to 0.233, P=0.000). There were no significant differences in RFS and LRRFS in patients with different axillary evaluation choices. Conclusions The investigation in trends and influence factors of different axillary evaluation choices provided basis on surgical precision medicine in DCIS patients. Patients received SLNB increased significantly. The independent influence factors of axillary evaluation were nuclear grade, tumor size and surgical methods. There was no significant differences in prognosis among the groups receiving different axillary evaluations.

Objective: To investigate the current trends of breast reconstruction(BR) after mastectomy in China. Methods: A list of hospitals with more than 200 cases of breast cancer surgery per year nationwide was obtained, and 110 institutions were selected according to the geographical distribution. The research was conducted in the form of a questionnaire survey, and 92.3% (169/183) of the questions were single-choice questions. Information such as demographics of surgeons and hospitals, number of mastectomy and BR, type and timing of BR was included in the survey. Survey formal notification letter was issued by the China Anti-Cancer Association Breast Cancer Committee and Chinese College of Surgeons, Committee of Mammary Surgeons. Questionnaires were sent to the respondents of each center by email. The survey time range was from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. All data were completely collected before September 7, 2018. Results: A total of 110 units participated in the survey. In total, 87.3% (96/110) of the hospitals have conducted BR surgery. The BR after mastectomy was 10.7% (6 534/61 099), among this, implant BR accounted for 65.7%(4 296/6 534), autologous BR accounted for 20.1% (1 312/6 534), and autologous combined implant BR accounted for 14.2% (927/6 534). Immediate reconstruction accounted for 67.6% (4 417/6 534) of BR, while delayed BR accounted for 32.4% (2 097/6 534). In 2017, 77.8% (35/45) of the plastic surgery departments cooperated with general surgery departments. General BR could be conducted after mastectomy accounted for 83.6% (92/110). The proportion of reconstruction was positively correlated with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (r=0.311, P=0.002). The one-step implant-based BR(IBBR) was the most preferred type in immediate BR. Two-step IBBR was the most preferred method in delayed BR. Hospitals that routinely evaluated aesthetics after BR accounted for 64.6% (62/96), while only 16.7% (16/96) of hospitals used patient-reported outcome measure (PROM). The most commonly used PROM tool was BREAST-Q. Conclusions The overall BR in China is on upward trend, but gap between China and the developed countries still exists. Breast surgery departments should strengthen further cooperation with plastic surgery departments. Simultaneously, the aesthetics evaluation and PROM after BR should be put a high premium.

Objective: To explore the current clinical practice of implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) in China. Methods: The current survey was sponsored by Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, Committee of Breast Cancer Society and Chinese Society of Breast Surgeons. A survey was mailed to 110 hospitals in China, which have more than 200 breast cancer operations performed in 2017. The survey mainly included questions on the clinical practice of IBBR, sociodemographic and geographical factors associated with IBBR practice, reasons and concerns for selecting IBBR, type and timing of breast reconstruction, and the complications of IBBR. Data were analyzed using χ² test, Fisher′s exact test or Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. Results: IBBR was available in 86.4% (95/110) included hospitals. It was predominantly performed breast reconstruction surgery, the proportion of IBBR in all the breast reconstruction was 65.75% (4 296/6 534). However, the rate of IBBR in all the patients received mastectomy was only 7.06% (4 296/60 877). Among all the included hospitals, the number of implant reconstructions performed in 2017 was 24 (57.5) cases (M(Q_R), range: 2-565 cases). Factors associated with the performance of IBBR including regional per capita gross domestic product (H=10.47, P=0.005) and annual surgery volume (H=8.30, P=0.016). The main reasons for choosing IBBR were relatively simple surgical procedure, short learning curve and short operation time. The effects of adjuvant radiotherapy on prosthesis, postoperative complications and patient satisfaction were the main concerns for implant reconstruction. Compared with delay reconstruction, a higher proportion of IBBR was observed in immediate reconstruction (83.1% vs. 62.0%, χ²=12.522, P=0.000). In all, 10.5% (10/95) hospitals reported more than 10% grade Ⅲ to Ⅳ capsular contracture. The incidence of infections need surgical intervention was reported between 10% and 20% by 4.2% (4/95) hospitals. Hospitals with 6% to 10% implant rupture and 6% to 15% implant removal were 1.1% (1/95) and 4.2% (4/95) respectively. Conclusions IBBR was the most common used surgery in breast reconstruction after mastectomy. However, the proportion of IBBR in patients after mastectomy was still low. Reginal economy, surgery volume of hospitals, lack of specialty training program and the concern about complications and patient′s satisfaction were the factors affecting the development of IBBR.