Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases,yet early al-lograft dysfunction(EAD)is commonly seen,and affects prognosis,thereby reducing graft and pa-tients' survival rates.Although an increasing number of patients benefit from liver transplantation,con-troversies persist regarding the associated factors and preventive strategies for EAD.This article re-viewed the research progress on liver transplantation both domestically and internationally,aiming to promote the development of liver transplantation surgery and improve treatment outcomes.

Objective:To explore the effects of the intervention of ginger baixiao moxibustion combined with probiotics on immune function, liver and kidney function of colorectal cancer patients after surgery, so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinical intervention methods to promote postoperative rehabilitation of patients.Methods:This study was a randomized controlled trial, and 180 patients with colorectal cancer radical resection from the Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely control group, probiotic group, ginger baixiao moxibustion group, and combination group, with 45 cases in each group. The control group was given routine nursing before and after surgery. In the probiotic group, probiotics were used for 3 d in routine preoperative care and 4 d from the first day after surgery. The preoperative routine care of the ginger baixiao moxibustion group was supplemented by ginger baixiao moxibustion for 3 d, and the intervention was carried out on the first day after surgery for 4 d. The combined group was treated with probiotics before and after surgery, and the specific intervention methods were the same as those of the probiotics group and the ginger baixiao moxibustion group. The differences in postoperative immune function, liver and kidney function and and other indexes among the four groups were compared.Results:Forty-five cases were ultimately selected from each of the 4 groups. There were 31 males and 14 females, aged (56.67 ± 10.13) years old in the control group. There were 27 males and 18 females, aged (55.33 ± 13.02) years old in the probiotic group. There were 20 males and 25 females, aged (57.87 ± 12.43) years old in the ginger baixiao moxibustion group. There were 26 males and 19 females, aged (57.67 ± 11.63) years old in the combination group. The IgA at 5 d after the operation in the control group, the probiotic group, the ginger baixiao moxibustion group and the combined group were (1.46 ± 0.42), (1.71 ± 0.49), (1.72 ± 0.58), (1.97 ± 0.72) g/L, and the IgM were (0.96 ± 0.20), (1.13 ± 0.33), (1.11 ± 0.35), (1.18 ± 0.52) g/L, and the IgG were (8.45 ± 1.68), (9.57 ± 1.71), (9.41 ± 2.14), (10.40 ± 2.16) g/L, and the differences among the four groups were statistically significant ( F=6.20, 10.64, 7.69, all P<0.05). The CD3 + values at 5 d after the operation in the control group, the probiotic group, the ginger baixiao moxibustion group and the combined group were 0.616 ± 0.094, 0.671 ± 0.101, 0.653 ± 0.119, 0.723 ± 0.091, and CD4 + were 0.408 ± 0.060, 0.444 ± 0.063, 0.441 ± 0.103, 0.483 ± 0.069, and CD4 +/CD8 + were 2.173 ± 0.715, 2.367 ± 0.963, 2.204 ± 1.137, 2.803 ± 1.064, and the differences among the four groups were statistically significant ( F=8.58, 7.43, 3.93, all P<0.05). The alanine aminotransferases at 5 d after the operation in the control group, the probiotic group, the ginger baixiao moxibustion group and the combined group were (16.22 ± 11.56), (15.87 ± 10.69), (12.91 ± 7.45), (11.31 ± 8.31) U/L, and the aspartate aminotransferases were (26.13 ± 7.97), (25.84 ± 7.89), (25.67 ± 10.85), (21.84 ± 5.51) U/L, and the differences among the four groups were statistically significant ( F=2.71, 2.70, both P<0.05). Conclusions:The combination of ginger baixiao moxibustion and probiotics intervention can effectively improve the immune function of colorectal cancer patients after surgery, and improve the liver function and other indexes of patients to a certain extent, so as to benefit patients.

Objective:To investigate the application value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) in children.Methods:The clinical data of 77 PBM children who underwent ERCP in General Surgery Department of Children's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University between January 2018 and December 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical characteristics, classification and post-operative nursing interventions were summarized, and vital signs, changes of biochemical markers and the occurrence of postoperative complications were compared and recorded.Results:77 patients were classified according to Japanese Study Group on Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction (JSGPM), including 34 patients with type A, 18 patients with type B, 21 patients with type C, and 4 patients with type D. There were 68 patients with congenital bile duct dilation and 9 patients without congenital bile duct dialtion. 92 ERCP procedures were performed under general anesthesia, and 91 cases were successful with a success rate of 98.91%. Among these cases, including 7 cases of endoscopic sphincterotomy, 28 cases of endoscopic balloon dilation of the nipple, 22 cases of endoscopic probe dilation, 22 cases of endoscopic stone removal by balloon or basket, 35 cases of endoscopic retrograde biliary stent drainage, 4 cases of endoscopic pancreatic duct drainage, 18 cases of endoscopic nasobiliary drainage, 2 cases of endoscopic nasobiliary drainage, and 14 cases of biliary stent removal. In 77 children with PBM, body temperature, FLACC score, and laboratory-related biochemical indexes including direct bilirubin, serum amylase, ALT, AST and CGT decreased significantly after ERCP, and all the differences were statistically significant (all P value <0.001). The incidence of postoperative complications was 15.38%(14/91), including hyperamylasemia in 9 cases (9.89%) and abdominal pain in 5 cases (5.49%). Conclusions:ERCP is safe and effective in the treatment of abnormal confluence of pancreatic duct in children.

N­methyl­D-aspartate （NMDA） receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that are widely expressed in the central nervous system.Through mediating Ca2+ influx for excitatory synaptic transmission，NMDA receptors play an important role in synaptic plasticity，learning，and memory.Migraine is a common primary headache that brings serious life and mental burdens to patients because of frequent attacks.The pathogenesis of migraine is still unclear.Glutamate and NMDA receptors have been demonstrated to be closely related to the occurrence of migraine.This paper reviews progress on the association of NMDA receptors with migraine and the use of NMDA receptor antagonists for the prevention and treatment of migraine，aiming to provide a reference for the pathogenesis and drug treatment of migraine.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that occurs insidiously and progresses over time. Its main symptoms include memory and language impairments. The pathogenesis of AD remains unclear,and drug treatment for AD is still unsatisfactory,pointing to the need for a new approach to treating this disease. Existing research has shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can improve the cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with AD,which provides a new idea for the treatment of AD. Exploring the mechanism of rTMS improving the clinical manifestations of patients with AD can promote our understand of the pathogenesis of AD. This article summarized the pathological changes and clinical features of AD as well as research progress on rTMS in the treatment of AD,aiming to provide new ideas for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of AD.

Objective: To establish a mouse model of osteoarthritis (OA) and study the bone microarchitecture and bone metabolism of tibial subchondral bone in early stage of OA. Methods: The mouse model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) with anterior cruciate ligament (ACLT) was established by using c57 mice. The Sham operation group served as the control group. All mice were fed with conventional diet. All mice were sacrificed after 4 weeks. The degeneration of knee joint was observed by HE staining and Safranin O-Fast Green staining. The number of osteoclasts was counted by TRAP staining. Micro CT was used to analyze the quantitative parameters of the microstructure of tibia subchondral bone in mice. Serum levels of bone resorption biomarker CTX I and cartilage degeneration marker CTX II were determined. Results: After ACLT 4 weeks, the average score of OARSI in ACLT group was 3.2, which was higher than that in Sham group, and the joint degeneration occurred in mice, presenting the pathological characteristics of early OA. Compared with the sham operation phase, the total subchondral bone volume (TV) of ACLT group was 4.72 mm³, increased by 13.6%; the bone trabecular resolution (Tb.Sp) was 0.130 and 0.154 mm, respectively, and the ACLT group also increased by 18.8%; the bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) was 0.470 and 0.294, respectively, and the ACLT group decreased by 48.9%; the bone trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) was 0.162 and 0.083 mm groups, ACLT decreased by 37.5%. Trap staining showed that the number of osteoclasts per unit volume in ACLT group was 72, which was significantly higher than that in sham operation group. The CTX I of mice in the sham operated ACLT group and sham operated group were 20.9 ng/ml and 18.29 ng/ml, with an increase of 48.9% in the ACLT group; the CTX II of mice in the ACLT group and sham operated group were 35.5 ng/ml and 28.6 ng/ml, with an increase of 24.1% in the ACLT group. Conclusion ACLT Mouse model can successfully construct early OA, which confirms the early loss of osteochondral bone and the pathological changes of osteoclast activation in OA, and provides a new specific target for the treatment of OA.

Isolation rearing (IR) enhances aggressive behavior, and the central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system has been linked to IR-induced aggression. However, whether the alteration of central serotonin is the cause or consequence of enhanced aggression is still unknown. In the present study, using mice deficient in central serotonin Tph2 and Lmx1b, we examined the association between central serotonin and aggression with or without social isolation. We demonstrated that central serotonergic neurons are critical for the enhanced aggression after IR. 5-HT depletion in wild-type mice increased aggression. On the other hand, application of 5-HT in Lmx1b mice inhibited the enhancement of aggression under social isolation conditions. Dopamine was downregulated in Lmx1b mice. Similar to 5-HT, L-DOPA decreased aggression in Lmx1b mice. Our results link the serotoninergic system directly to aggression and this may have clinical implications for aggression-related human conditions.

Vertigo is one of the most common symptoms in general practice. During the standardized training in theory and practice of vertigo diagnosis and treatment, researchers from group of vertigo subspe-cialty of department of neurology analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of vertigo disease and the present teaching situation of theory and practice teaching. They put forward and adopted the "Three Steps"(laying firm foundation, consolidating and strengthening, and improving skills) which is based on multidis-cipline and conforming to trainees' understanding of the disease. It helped general practitioners tofamiliarize themselves with the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of vertigo, to perfect their multidisciplinary knowl-edge structure, to establish scientific clinical thinking, and to improve their levels of the diagnosis and treatment of diseases relating to vertigo, which has produced good effects and has been playing an important role in improving the prognosis for vertigo patients.

Under the situation of national demand for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills, it is very important to develop a scientific and feasible education and training program to popularize CPR skills, and improve first-aid ability. This study illustrated the significance and feasibility of setting up car-diopulmonary resuscitation courses in colleges and universities. On this basis, specific suggestions and countermeasures were put forward to improve teaching organization and leadership, teaching material de-velopment, curriculum design, teaching faculty development, teacher training and laboratory construction. This study proposed to strengthen the legislation, and the implementation of first-aid qualification examina-tion in colleges and universities, making the students become the preferred educational group of CPR skills, which is of great significance to improve public popularity rate of CPR.

Virtual reality technology and force feedback technology are novel human-machine interaction technologies. The virtual surgery simulation training system combined with these two technologies provides a new method for orthopedic surgery training, which can improve the training efficiency,thereby reducing the training costs and shortening the growth cycle of young orthopedic surgeons. In recent years, the virtual drilling bone surgery simulation technology have been researched broadly and obtained a preliminary application. In this paper, the existing research statusof virtual bone drilling operation depended on visuo-haptic techniques were studied, classified and summarized, the main content focused on three key techniques: bone modeling, drilling bone force prediction model and tactile simulation, and then analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of existing methods. Finally,some perspectives for related technology development trend of the virtual simulation bone drilling surgery in future was pointed out.