Objective:To explore the expression changes of nerve growth factor (NGF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) signaling pathway of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in incisional rat remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia and its effect on the expression of membrane delta opioid receptor (DOR).Methods:A total of 48 SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups based on body weight matching, with 8 in each group, which were control group (infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution via the tail vein), incision pain group (incision pain model established using the Brennan method), remifentanil group (infusion of remifentanil via the tail vein), incision pain+ remifentanil model group (incision pain model established using the Brennan method, followed by infusion of remifentanil via the tail vein), NGF group and TrkA inhibitor group(established incision pain+ remifentanil model after intrathecal injection of NGF (0.06 μg/g) or K252a (0.3 μg/g, TrkA inhibitor)). Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was used to assess pain sensitivity in rats. Western blot was employed to measure the expression of NGF, TrkA, and the total DOR(tDOR) and the membrane DOR(mDOR) in DRG tissues. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to detect subcellular DOR expression in DRG. Data were processed using SPSS 24.0 software. Multiple comparisons among groups were conducted by repeated measures ANOVA or one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni test.Results:(1) The results of pain behavior showed that there was a significant interaction effect between time and group in the comparison of PWT among the six groups of rats before and after intervention ( F=345.817, P<0.001). At each time point after intervention, the PWTs of the incision pain+ remifentanil group were lower than those of the incision pain group and remifentanil group, the PWTs of the NGF group were lower than those of the incision pain+ remifentanil group, and the PWTs of the TrkA inhibitor group were higher than those of the incision pain+ remifentanil group and NGF group (all P<0.05). (2)The Western blot results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the relative levels of NGF, TrkA, and mDOR in the DRG tissues of the six groups of rats ( F=156.2, 163.8, 421.2, all P<0.001). The levels of NGF, TrkA, and mDOR proteins in the incision pain+ remifentanil group (1.45±0.07, 1.46±0.04, 3.01±0.20) were higher than those in the incision pain group (1.25±0.05, 1.24±0.04, 1.84±0.05) and remifentanil group (1.24±0.04, 1.26±0.03, 1.84±0.04) (all P<0.05). The levels of NGF, TrkA, and mDOR in the NGF group (1.57±0.03, 1.58±0.07, 3.74±0.25) were higher than those in the incision pain+ remifentanil group (all P<0.05). The relative expression levels of TrkA, and mDOR in the TrkA inhibitor group (1.25±0.04, 1.68±0.07) were lower than those in the incision pain+ remifentanil group and the NGF group (all P<0.05). (3)The results of immunoelectron microscopy showed that there were statistically significant differences in the localization of DOR in the cell membrane, subcellular sites of synthesis pathways, and subcellular localization of degradation pathways among the six groups of rat DRG tissues ( F=140.3, 60.63, 60.28, all P<0.01). The DOR of the synthesis pathway of incision pain+ remifentanil group was higher than that of the incision pain group and remifentanil group, while the DOR of the synthesis pathway of NGF was higher than that of the incision pain+ remifentanil group.The DOR of the synthesis pathway of TrkA inhibitor group was lower than that of the incision pain+ remifentanil group and NGF group (both P<0.05). The DOR of the degradation pathway in the incision pain+ remifentanil group was lower than that in the incision pain group and remifentanil group, the DOR of the degradation pathway in the NGF group was lower than that in the incision pain+ remifentanil group, and the DOR of the degradation pathway in the TrkA inhibitor group was higher than that in the incision pain+ remifentanil group and NGF group (both P<0.05). Conclusion:The NGF/TrkA signaling pathway is involved in rat incisional pain-remifentanil hyperalgesia by upregulating the delta opioid receptor of the dorsal root ganglia.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic outcomes of patients with horseshoe kidney and hydronephrosis under different surgical approaches and with or without isthmus division.Methods:This study is a retrospective case series research. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 23 patients with horseshoe kidney and hydronephrosis who underwent pyeloplasty at the Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to December 2023. Among them, there were 11 males and 12 females, with an age of (33±15) years (range:7 to 64 years). Patients underwent preoperative examinations, including ultrasonography of the urinary system, intravenous urography, CT urography, or magnetic resonance urography. Retrograde urography or antegrade ureteropyelography was performed when necessary to clarify the degree of hydronephrosis, the location and length of ureteral stricture. For patients with severe hydronephrosis, a ureteral stricture segment >2 cm, a thick renal isthmus in horseshoe kidney, and markedly variant vasculature, open surgery or robotic surgery is preferred. For those with mild to moderate hydronephrosis, a ureteral stricture segment <2 cm, a thin renal isthmus in horseshoe kidney, and no significant vascular variations, laparoscopic surgery is the first choice. The decision to perform isthmectomy should be made based on a comprehensive intraoperative assessment, including the vascular supply to the isthmus, the degree of surrounding adhesions, and the thickness of the isthmus. Perioperative parameters and complications were recorded and analyzed, and regular follow-up was conducted for all patients.Results:All surgeries were successfully completed. Surgical approaches included open surgery in 4 cases, laparoscopic surgery in 14 cases, and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in 5 cases. The operative time for open surgery, laparoscopic surgery and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery was (125±12) minutes (range: 112 to 141 minutes), (122±50) minutes (range: 60 to 233 minutes), and (130±36) minutes (range: 76 to 174 minutes), respectively. The blood loss ( M(IQR)) was 100 (25) ml (range: 50 to 100 mL) for open surgery, 35 (30) ml (range: 10 to 100 mL) for laparoscopic surgery, and 20 (10) ml (range: 20 to 50 ml) for robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. Among 15 patients who underwent isthmus division with pyeloplasty (division group), the operation time was (138±42) minutes (range: 73 to 233 minutes), with blood loss of 50 (80) ml (range: 20 to 100 ml). For 8 patients in the non-division group who only underwent pyeloureteroplasty, the operation time was (98±27) minutes (range: 60 to 135 minutes), with blood loss of 20 (50) ml (range: 10 to 100 ml). The follow-up time of patients after surgery was 16.0 (49.0) months (range: 1.7 to 84.2 months), with a surgical success rate of 100%. Among the 8 patients in the non-division group, all demonstrated significant improvement in hydronephrosis severity compared to preoperative conditions. Notably, 6 patients who previously experienced frequent lower back pain showed no recurrence of symptoms after ureteral stent removal. In the division group of 15 patients, both subjective symptoms and hydronephrosis severity were markedly reduced. Conclusion:For patients with horseshoe kidney and hydronephrosis, the choice of surgical approach and isthmus management strategy should be determined based on a comprehensive consideration of the etiology of hydronephrosis, the degree of ureteral stricture, anatomical abnormalities, and vascular variations.

Objective To construct a nomogram model for predicting pulmonary hemorrhage associated with the positioning of pulmonary nodules with the new four-hook positioning needle based on clinical-CT imaging features and evaluate its predictive efficacy.Methods We made a retrospective analysis of the clinical,imaging and pathological data of 449 patients with pulmonary nodules positioned by the new four-hook positioning needle.According to the random number table method(7∶3),they were divided into a training set of 314 cases and a validation set of 135 cases.Each data set was further divided into positive group and negative group for pulmonary hemorrhage according to the presence or absence of pulmonary hemorrhage.We evaluated the CT imaging features of pulmonary nodules,including nodule nature(pure ground-glass density,mixed ground-glass density,solid nodule),nodule diameter,distance from the nodule to the pleural surface(hereinafter referred to as length),nodule positioning time,and association with pulmonary hemorrhage.Independent sample t-test,Mann-Whitney U test and x2 test were used to compare the correlations of clinical and CT features of pulmonary nodules with pulmonary hemorrhage.LASSO regression and multivariate Logistic regression were employed to screen the independent risk factors related to pulmonary hemorrhage and construct a nomogram model.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of the model,and the calibration curve and decision curve were respectively used for the verification of the nomogram model and evaluation of the clinical net benefit.Results The results of LASSO regression showed that the nature of pulmonary nodules,underlying diseases,smoking and length were the characteristic variables related to pulmonary hemorrhage.Based on the minimum akaike information criterion(AIC),the screened characteristic variables were included in the multivariate Logistic backward stepwise regression analysis.The results showed that the nature of pulmonary nodules,underlying diseases,smoking and length were all independent risk factors related to pulmonary hemorrhage.A nomogram was established according to the above independent risk factors and the ROC curve was drawn.The AUC of the training set was 0.86(95％CI:0.80-0.91),and the AUC of the validation set was 0.88(95％CI:0.80-0.96),with no statistically significant difference(P＞0.05).The calibration curve suggested that the predicted values of the nomogram were close to the actual values,and the decision curve analysis showed that the net benefit of the model was good.Conclusion The nomogram model established by combining clinical-CT features such as the nature of pulmonary nodules,underlying diseases,smoking and length can effectively predict pulmonary hemorrhage associated with the positioning of pulmonary nodules with the new four-hook positioning needle.

Objective:To explore the expression changes of nerve growth factor (NGF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) signaling pathway of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in incisional rat remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia and its effect on the expression of membrane delta opioid receptor (DOR).Methods:A total of 48 SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups based on body weight matching, with 8 in each group, which were control group (infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution via the tail vein), incision pain group (incision pain model established using the Brennan method), remifentanil group (infusion of remifentanil via the tail vein), incision pain+ remifentanil model group (incision pain model established using the Brennan method, followed by infusion of remifentanil via the tail vein), NGF group and TrkA inhibitor group(established incision pain+ remifentanil model after intrathecal injection of NGF (0.06 μg/g) or K252a (0.3 μg/g, TrkA inhibitor)). Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was used to assess pain sensitivity in rats. Western blot was employed to measure the expression of NGF, TrkA, and the total DOR(tDOR) and the membrane DOR(mDOR) in DRG tissues. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to detect subcellular DOR expression in DRG. Data were processed using SPSS 24.0 software. Multiple comparisons among groups were conducted by repeated measures ANOVA or one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni test.Results:(1) The results of pain behavior showed that there was a significant interaction effect between time and group in the comparison of PWT among the six groups of rats before and after intervention ( F=345.817, P<0.001). At each time point after intervention, the PWTs of the incision pain+ remifentanil group were lower than those of the incision pain group and remifentanil group, the PWTs of the NGF group were lower than those of the incision pain+ remifentanil group, and the PWTs of the TrkA inhibitor group were higher than those of the incision pain+ remifentanil group and NGF group (all P<0.05). (2)The Western blot results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the relative levels of NGF, TrkA, and mDOR in the DRG tissues of the six groups of rats ( F=156.2, 163.8, 421.2, all P<0.001). The levels of NGF, TrkA, and mDOR proteins in the incision pain+ remifentanil group (1.45±0.07, 1.46±0.04, 3.01±0.20) were higher than those in the incision pain group (1.25±0.05, 1.24±0.04, 1.84±0.05) and remifentanil group (1.24±0.04, 1.26±0.03, 1.84±0.04) (all P<0.05). The levels of NGF, TrkA, and mDOR in the NGF group (1.57±0.03, 1.58±0.07, 3.74±0.25) were higher than those in the incision pain+ remifentanil group (all P<0.05). The relative expression levels of TrkA, and mDOR in the TrkA inhibitor group (1.25±0.04, 1.68±0.07) were lower than those in the incision pain+ remifentanil group and the NGF group (all P<0.05). (3)The results of immunoelectron microscopy showed that there were statistically significant differences in the localization of DOR in the cell membrane, subcellular sites of synthesis pathways, and subcellular localization of degradation pathways among the six groups of rat DRG tissues ( F=140.3, 60.63, 60.28, all P<0.01). The DOR of the synthesis pathway of incision pain+ remifentanil group was higher than that of the incision pain group and remifentanil group, while the DOR of the synthesis pathway of NGF was higher than that of the incision pain+ remifentanil group.The DOR of the synthesis pathway of TrkA inhibitor group was lower than that of the incision pain+ remifentanil group and NGF group (both P<0.05). The DOR of the degradation pathway in the incision pain+ remifentanil group was lower than that in the incision pain group and remifentanil group, the DOR of the degradation pathway in the NGF group was lower than that in the incision pain+ remifentanil group, and the DOR of the degradation pathway in the TrkA inhibitor group was higher than that in the incision pain+ remifentanil group and NGF group (both P<0.05). Conclusion:The NGF/TrkA signaling pathway is involved in rat incisional pain-remifentanil hyperalgesia by upregulating the delta opioid receptor of the dorsal root ganglia.

Objective To construct a nomogram model for predicting pulmonary hemorrhage associated with the positioning of pulmonary nodules with the new four-hook positioning needle based on clinical-CT imaging features and evaluate its predictive efficacy.Methods We made a retrospective analysis of the clinical,imaging and pathological data of 449 patients with pulmonary nodules positioned by the new four-hook positioning needle.According to the random number table method(7∶3),they were divided into a training set of 314 cases and a validation set of 135 cases.Each data set was further divided into positive group and negative group for pulmonary hemorrhage according to the presence or absence of pulmonary hemorrhage.We evaluated the CT imaging features of pulmonary nodules,including nodule nature(pure ground-glass density,mixed ground-glass density,solid nodule),nodule diameter,distance from the nodule to the pleural surface(hereinafter referred to as length),nodule positioning time,and association with pulmonary hemorrhage.Independent sample t-test,Mann-Whitney U test and x2 test were used to compare the correlations of clinical and CT features of pulmonary nodules with pulmonary hemorrhage.LASSO regression and multivariate Logistic regression were employed to screen the independent risk factors related to pulmonary hemorrhage and construct a nomogram model.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of the model,and the calibration curve and decision curve were respectively used for the verification of the nomogram model and evaluation of the clinical net benefit.Results The results of LASSO regression showed that the nature of pulmonary nodules,underlying diseases,smoking and length were the characteristic variables related to pulmonary hemorrhage.Based on the minimum akaike information criterion(AIC),the screened characteristic variables were included in the multivariate Logistic backward stepwise regression analysis.The results showed that the nature of pulmonary nodules,underlying diseases,smoking and length were all independent risk factors related to pulmonary hemorrhage.A nomogram was established according to the above independent risk factors and the ROC curve was drawn.The AUC of the training set was 0.86(95％CI:0.80-0.91),and the AUC of the validation set was 0.88(95％CI:0.80-0.96),with no statistically significant difference(P＞0.05).The calibration curve suggested that the predicted values of the nomogram were close to the actual values,and the decision curve analysis showed that the net benefit of the model was good.Conclusion The nomogram model established by combining clinical-CT features such as the nature of pulmonary nodules,underlying diseases,smoking and length can effectively predict pulmonary hemorrhage associated with the positioning of pulmonary nodules with the new four-hook positioning needle.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic outcomes of patients with horseshoe kidney and hydronephrosis under different surgical approaches and with or without isthmus division.Methods:This study is a retrospective case series research. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 23 patients with horseshoe kidney and hydronephrosis who underwent pyeloplasty at the Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to December 2023. Among them, there were 11 males and 12 females, with an age of (33±15) years (range:7 to 64 years). Patients underwent preoperative examinations, including ultrasonography of the urinary system, intravenous urography, CT urography, or magnetic resonance urography. Retrograde urography or antegrade ureteropyelography was performed when necessary to clarify the degree of hydronephrosis, the location and length of ureteral stricture. For patients with severe hydronephrosis, a ureteral stricture segment >2 cm, a thick renal isthmus in horseshoe kidney, and markedly variant vasculature, open surgery or robotic surgery is preferred. For those with mild to moderate hydronephrosis, a ureteral stricture segment <2 cm, a thin renal isthmus in horseshoe kidney, and no significant vascular variations, laparoscopic surgery is the first choice. The decision to perform isthmectomy should be made based on a comprehensive intraoperative assessment, including the vascular supply to the isthmus, the degree of surrounding adhesions, and the thickness of the isthmus. Perioperative parameters and complications were recorded and analyzed, and regular follow-up was conducted for all patients.Results:All surgeries were successfully completed. Surgical approaches included open surgery in 4 cases, laparoscopic surgery in 14 cases, and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in 5 cases. The operative time for open surgery, laparoscopic surgery and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery was (125±12) minutes (range: 112 to 141 minutes), (122±50) minutes (range: 60 to 233 minutes), and (130±36) minutes (range: 76 to 174 minutes), respectively. The blood loss ( M(IQR)) was 100 (25) ml (range: 50 to 100 mL) for open surgery, 35 (30) ml (range: 10 to 100 mL) for laparoscopic surgery, and 20 (10) ml (range: 20 to 50 ml) for robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. Among 15 patients who underwent isthmus division with pyeloplasty (division group), the operation time was (138±42) minutes (range: 73 to 233 minutes), with blood loss of 50 (80) ml (range: 20 to 100 ml). For 8 patients in the non-division group who only underwent pyeloureteroplasty, the operation time was (98±27) minutes (range: 60 to 135 minutes), with blood loss of 20 (50) ml (range: 10 to 100 ml). The follow-up time of patients after surgery was 16.0 (49.0) months (range: 1.7 to 84.2 months), with a surgical success rate of 100%. Among the 8 patients in the non-division group, all demonstrated significant improvement in hydronephrosis severity compared to preoperative conditions. Notably, 6 patients who previously experienced frequent lower back pain showed no recurrence of symptoms after ureteral stent removal. In the division group of 15 patients, both subjective symptoms and hydronephrosis severity were markedly reduced. Conclusion:For patients with horseshoe kidney and hydronephrosis, the choice of surgical approach and isthmus management strategy should be determined based on a comprehensive consideration of the etiology of hydronephrosis, the degree of ureteral stricture, anatomical abnormalities, and vascular variations.

Objective:To evaluate the role of sphingosine-1-phospho-1 receptor 1 (S1PR1) in remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats with incisional pain and the relationship with KCNQ2/3 potassium channels in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG).Methods:Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats with successful caudal vein catheterization, aged 2-3 months, weighing 260-280 g, were divided into 6 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), S1PR1 inhibitor group (FTY720) group (group F), remifentanil group (group R), remifentanil + S1PR1 inhibitor (FTY720) group (group RF), remifentanil + incision pain group (group RI) and remifentanil + incision pain + S1PR1 inhibitor (FTY720) group (group RIF). In group C, normal saline 0.1 ml· kg -1·min -1 was intravenously infused for 60 min. In group F, FTY720 3 nmol was intrathecally injected at 10 min before normal saline injection, and 0.1 ml · kg -1·min -1 normal saline was infused into the caudal vein for 60 min. Remifentanil 1.0 μg· kg -1·min -1 was infused for 60 min through the caudal vein in group R. In RF group, FTY720 (3 nmol) was intrathecally injected, and 10 min later remifentanil 1.0 μg· kg -1·min -1 was infused via the caudal vein for 60 min. The incisional pain model was established, and remifentanil 1.0 μg· kg -1·min -1 was infused via the caudal vein for 60 min in RI group. In RIF group, FTY720 3 nmol was intrathecally injected at 10 min before remifentanil infusion, then the incisional pain model was developed, and remifentanil 1.0 μg· kg -1·min -1 was infused via the caudal vein at the same time for 60 min. The mechanical paw withdraw threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdraw latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before remifentanil or normal saline infusion (T 0) and 2, 6, 24 and 48 h after remifentanil or normal saline infusion (T 1-4). The rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain threshold, and the L 4-6 segments of the DRG were taken for determination of the expression of S1PR1, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 protein and mRNA in the DRG by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results:Compared with group C, the MWT was significantly decreased, and the TWL was shortened at T 1-4, the expression of S1PR1 protein and mRNA in the DRG was up-regulated, the expression of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 protein and mRNA in the DRG was down-regulated ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in each parameter in R and RI groups ( P>0.05). Compared with group R, the MWT was significantly decreased, and the TWL was shortened at T 1-4, the expression of S1PR1 protein and mRNA in the DRG was up-regulated, and the expression of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 protein and mRNA in the DRG was down-regulated in group RI, and the MWT was significantly increased, and the TWL was prolonged at T 1-4, the expression of S1PR1 protein and mRNA in the DRG was down-regulated, and the expression of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 protein and mRNA in the DRG was up-regulated in group RF ( P<0.05). Compared with group RI, the MWT was significantly increased, and the TWL was prolonged at T 1-4, the expression of S1PR1 protein and mRNA in the DRG was down-regulated, and the expression of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 protein and mRNA in the DRG was up-regulated in group RIF ( P<0.05). Conclusions:S1PR1 is involved in the process of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats with incisional pain, which is related to the inhibition of KCNQ2/3 potassium channel expression in the DRG.

Coronavirus infection can cause serious respiratory and digestive system diseases in hu-mans and animals.In recent years,the frequent outbreaks and newly outbreaks of coronavirus in-fection have threatened global public health and the development of livestock and poultry.Howev-er,the development of anti-coronavirus drugs and vaccines was restricted due to the insufficient understanding of the mechanisms of coronavirus pathogenesis and cross species transmission.Re-verse genetic manipulation technology is a powerful tool in virological research,which can be used for the study of pathogenesis mechanisms,replication mechanisms and function analysis of protein.It is also be used in the development of attenuated or gene labeled vaccines,and antiviral drugs.Due to the large genome and complex structure of the coronavirus,the reverse genetic manipulation technology of coronavirus has been lagging for a long time.With the continuous updating of molec-ular biology methods,various new construction strategies have emerged.This article focuses on the construction strategy of the reverse genetic operating system for coronavirus,as well as its applica-tion in virus transmission and pathogenic mechanisms,and development of vaccines,which will provide favorable tools for the prevention and control of the coronavirus infection.

Objective:To analyze the seroepidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among adolescents aged 0-14 years in Henan Province and to evaluate the effectiveness of the childhood hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) immunization program.Methods:From September 2021 to March 2022, a total of 4 883 adolescents aged 0-14 years were selected from 25 villages or communities of 18 provincial-level cities in Henan Province by using the multi-stage random cluster sampling method. Demographic data were collected through questionnaires. The 3 ml of blood samples were collected from individuals aged 0-4 years and 5 ml of blood samples were collected from individuals aged 5-14 years to test HBsAg, HBcAb and HBsAb. Data on vaccination were collected through Henan Provincial Immunization Information System and hepatitis B cases in Henan Province were collected through China Infectious Disease Reporting System. The effectiveness of the childhood HepB immunization program was analyzed.Results:The average age of 4 883 subjects was (7.32±2.81) years old. The positive rates of HBsAg and HBcAb were 0.1% (7/4 883) and 1.0% (50/4 883), and the population standardized rates were 0.3% and 1.7%. In 2002, the positive rate of HBsAg among adolescents aged 0-14 years in Henan Province was 3.39%. Compared with that in 2002, the number of chronic HBV infections among adolescents in Henan Province in 2022 decreased by about 0.7 million. In 2002, the vaccination rate of newborns who completed all three doses of vaccine was 6.26%. In 2003, the vaccination rate of the hepatitis B vaccine rose rapidly, reaching 90% in 2013 for the first time. After 2014, the vaccination rate in Henan Province continued to remain above 95%. The proportion of cases among children aged 1-4 years in clinical reports decreased from 0.43% (1 108/256 566) in 2006 to 0.01% (78/80 655) in 2021. The proportion of cases among adolescents aged 5-19 years decreased from 18.21% (46 710/256 566) in 2006 to 1.1% (827/80 655) in 2021.Conclusions:From 2002 to 2022, the positive rate of HBsAg among adolescents aged 0-14 years has decreased significantly in Henan Province. The effectiveness of the HepB immunization program for children is good.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological distribution characteristics, influencing factors, and infection rates of pertussis in the population of Henan Province.Methods:From 2022 to 2023, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the permanent population in Henan Province. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect anti-pertussis toxin IgG (PT-IgG), analyze the antibody positivity rate (≥20 IU/ml) and median concentration (MC), and estimate the pertussis infection rate based on PT IgG ≥40 IU/ml. The rank sum test was used to compare antibody levels among groups, and the χ2 test was used to compare antibody positive rates and infection rates among groups. Results:A total of 4 810 research subjects were included in this study. The overall positive rate of PT-IgG was 12.10% and MC was 3.04 (0.35, 10.36) IU/ml. There were significant differences both in positive rates and antibody levels of PT-IgG among different regions or age groups (region positive rate: χ2=134.06, P<0.001, MC: H=337.74, P<0.001; age group positive rate: χ2=45.27, P<0.001, MC: H=134.49, P<0.001). Both the positive rate of PT-IgG (25.26%) and MC (8.01 IU/ml) were the highest within one year after completing a full course of vaccination. There were significant differences in positive rates and antibody levels among people receiving different types of pertussis vaccines (positive rate: χ2=12.38, P=0.006, MC: H=17.93, P<0.001). The antibody positivity rate (35.71%) and MC (8.88 IU/ml) of the people who received cell-free pertussis inactivated poliomyelitis influenza type b (combined) vaccine throughout the course were higher than those who received other types of vaccines. The natural infection rate of pertussis was evaluated for individuals aged≥3 years who had no history of pertussis vaccine immunization within the year prior to sampling. With a high vaccination rate, the estimated infection rate of pertussis in the population was 5 757.22/100 000. The infection rates in the 3-year-old (1 940.16/100 000) and 4-year-old (1 765.68/100 000) populations were at a low level among the entire population, reaching their peak at the age of 6 (12 656.71/100 000). Subsequently, although the infection rate continued to decline, it remained at a high level and peaked again at the age of 40-49 years (8 740.39/100 000). There was a statistically significant difference in the estimated infection rate of pertussis among different age groups ( χ2=53.21, P<0.001). Conclusion:The PT-IgG level of pertussis in the population of Henan Province is generally at a low level. The estimated infection rate of pertussis is much higher than the reported incidence rate. A booster dose of pertussis vaccine is recommended at 6 years old.