Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF)therapy has been widely used, but the variability in its therapeutic efficacy limits individualized treatment. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence(AI)has opened up new avenues for personalized treatment response prediction, and its core branches include machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL). This review systematically retrieved and analyzed 41 relevant studies published up to April 2025. Comprehensive analysis reveals that AI predictive models are evolving from forecasting single endpoints(such as visual acuity or central retinal thickness)to integrating multi-dimensional endpoints(encompassing anatomical, functional, and treatment demand parameters)and generating predictive imaging outputs. In terms of technical approaches, DL models(28 studies, accounting for 68.3%)dominate this field due to their robust image interpretation capabilities, while ML models(10 studies, 24.4%)retain significant value in the analysis of structured clinical data. Cross-disease comparisons indicate that research efforts are most concentrated on age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)and diabetic macular edema(DME), with shared conceptual frameworks for model construction, yet distinct anatomical and functional indicators are prioritized for each disease. Currently, the field confronts several key challenges, including insufficient prospective clinical validation, limited model interpretability(the “black box problem”), and a scarcity of high-quality multi-center datasets. Moving forward, it is imperative to advance real-world validation and develop explainable AI techniques to expedite the clinical translation of these predictive models.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the improvement effects and mechanism of astragaloside Ⅳ （AS- Ⅳ ） on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced neuroinflammation. METHODS BV2 cells were divided into control group， LPS group， AS-Ⅳ groups at concentrations of 20 and 40 μmol/L， and dexamethasone group （2 μmol/L）. Except for control group， neuroinflammation model was established with LPS （1 μg/mL） in other groups after medication. The levels of inflammatory factors [interleukin-6 （IL-6）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， and nitric oxide （NO）] in cell supernatant were measured in each group. Mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， positive control group （Aspirin enteric-coated tablet， 20 mg/kg）， AS-Ⅳ low- and high-dose groups （10， 20 mg/kg）， with 6 mice in each group. Mice in each group were administered the corresponding drug/normal saline via gavage/intraperitoneal injection， once a day， for 14 consecutive days. Except for normal group， other groups were intraperitoneally injected with LPS （250 μg/kg） 1 hour after daily administration of the drug/normal saline to establish neuroinflammation model. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured 2 h after the last medication； histopathological morphology of cerebral tissue in mice were observed； the co-localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）/ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 （Iba1） and CD206/Iba1 in the cerebral cortex region of mice was observed； the expressions of proteins related to the nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）/mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathway in brain tissue of mice were also determined， including NF-κB p65， phosphorylated NF-κB p65（p-NF-κB p65）， p38 MAPK， phosphorylated p38 MAPK （p-p38 MAPK）， extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK）， and phosphorylated ERK （p-ERK）. RESULTS In the cell experiments， compared with control group， the levels of IL-6， TNF- α and NO in the cell supernatant of the LPS group were increased significantly （P＜0.05）； compared with LPS group， the levels of IL-6， TNF-α and NO were decreased significantly in the administration groups （P＜0.05）. In the animal experiments， compared with the normal group， the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF- α， the number of iNOS/Iba1 co-localization positive cells in the cerebral cortex， and the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK， NF- κB p65 and ERK proteins in brain tissue were all significantly increased/elevated in model group （P＜0.05）； the number of CD206/ Iba1 co-localization positive cells in the cerebral cortex region significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. The neurons in the cerebral cortex and the CA3 region of the hippocampus displayed a disordered arrangement. Compared with model group， above quantitative indexes of mice were all reversed significantly in administration groups （P＜0.05）； the neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex and the CA3 region of the hippocampus exhibited a relatively orderly arrangement. CONCLUSIONS AS-Ⅳ may inhibit the activation of the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway， promote the M2-type polarization of microglia， and thereby suppress neuroinflammatory responses.

Objective: To understand the distribution characteristics of high-risk populations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among residents aged ≥40 years in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, so as to provide a basis for comprehensive prevention and control of COPD. Methods: A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method combined with probability proportional to size sampling was used to select residents aged ≥40 years from May to December 2019 in 4 monitoring sites in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for a questionnaire survey. Information on demographics, current or past smoking, severe respiratory infections in childhood, exposure to occupational harmful factors, exposure to indoor polluting fuels, chronic respiratory symptoms, personal history of chronic respiratory diseases, and family history of chronic respiratory diseases was collected. The distribution characteristics of high risk populations of COPD and high-risk factors were analyzed. Results: A total of 2 302 people were surveyed, including 1 234 males (53.61%) and 1 068 females (46.39%). The mean age was (57.87±8.67) years. A total of 2 114 people (91.83%) were exposed to at least one high-risk factor. The exposure rate of risk factors was 87.88%. There were significant differences in the exposure rates of risk factors among residents of different genders, ages, residence, and occupations (all P<0.05). The exposure rate was higher in males than in females, higher in the 50-60 years than in the 60-<70 years, higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher among those engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy than among national enterprise clerks, professional and technical personnel, and retirees (all P<0.05). The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was 14.73%. There were significant differences in the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among residents of different residence and occupations (all P<0.05). The prevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher among those engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy than among retirees (all P<0.05). The exposure rate of personal history of chronic respiratory diseases was 10.90%. There were significant differences in the exposure rate of personal history of chronic respiratory diseases among residents of different educational levels, residence, and occupations (all P<0.05). The exposure rate was higher among those with primary education or below and junior high school education than among those with high school education or above, higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher among those engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy than among retirees (all P<0.05). The exposure rate of family history of chronic respiratory diseases was 22.85%. The exposure rate was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.05). Among residents exposed to risk factors, the exposure rate of current or past smoking was 38.84%, the exposure rate of severe respiratory infections in childhood was 2.13%, the exposure rate of occupational harmful factors was 44.27%, and the exposure rate of indoor polluting fuels was 60.12%. The exposure rates of current or past smoking and occupational harmful factors were higher in males and rural residents (all P<0.05). Conclusions The proportion of high-risk populations for COPD among residents aged ≥40 years in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is relatively high. It is recommended to strengthen health education for male residents, rural residents, and those engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy, and to adopt comprehensive prevention and control strategies to reduce the exposure level of risk factors among residents.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of cognitive inhibition in children with hearing impairment and the impact of different types of materials on their cognitive inhibition.Methods From June,2024 to January,2025,21 children with hearing impairment from Liaocheng Special Education School and 20 typically developing children from Guotun Town Central Primary School in Yanggu County,Liao-cheng were randomly selected.A directed forgetting task was used in a mixed experimental design.The experi-mental procedure was presented using Eprime 3.0,and recall performance was recorded through paper-and-pen-cil tests.Results Three children with hearing impairment and two typically developing children were dropped down.The children with hearing impairment scored significantly lower on recall tasks than the typically developing children(F=13.545,P<0.001).In the typically developing children,recall performance under the memory condition was sig-nificantly lower than under the forgetting condition(P<0.001).In the children with hearing impairment,there was no significant difference in recall performance between the memory condition and the forgetting condition(P>0.05).Regardless of whether the materials were letters or figures,all the children showed significantly high-er recall scores under the forgetting condition compared to the memory condition(P<0.01).Conclusion Children with hearing impairment exhibit weaker cognitive inhibition compared to typically developing chil-dren.The type of materials doesn't impact individuals'cognitive inhibition performance.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the bioactive components in Jiawei Xiaoyao Pills (JWXYP) and their mechanisms for alleviating depression-like behaviors. METHODS: The active compounds, key targets, and pathways of JWXYP were identified using TCMSP and TCMIP databases. Thirty-six SD rats were randomized equally into 6 groups including a control group and 5 chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression groups. After modeling, the 5 model groups were treated with daily gavage of normal saline, 1.8 mg/kg fluoxetine hydrochloride (positive control drug), or JWXYP at 1.44, 2.88, and 4.32 g/kg. The depression-like behaviors of the rats were evaluated using behavioral tests, and pathological changes in the liver and hippocampus were examined with HE staining. The biochemical indicators in the serum and brain tissues were detected using ELISA. Serum metabolomics analysis was performed to identify the differential metabolites using OPLS-DA, and gut microbiota changes were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS: Network pharmacology revealed that menthone and paeonol in JWXYP were capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier to regulate inflammatory pathways and protect the nervous system. In the rat models subjected to CUMS, treatment with JWXYP significantly improved body weight loss, sucrose preference and open field activities, reduced liver inflammation, alleviated structural changes in the hippocampal neurons, decreased serum levels of TNF‑α, IL-1β, IL-6 and LBP, and increased 5-HT and VIP concentrations in the serum and brain tissue, and these effects were the most pronounced in the high-dose group. Metabolomics analysis showed changes in such metabolites as indole-3-acetamide and acetyl-L-carnitine in JWXYP-treated rats, involving the pathways for bile acid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism. 16S rDNA analysis demonstrated increased gut microbiota diversity and increased abundance of Lactobacillus species in JWXYP-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS JWXYP alleviates depression-like symptoms in rats by regulating the neurotransmitters, inhibiting inflammation and oxidation, and modulating gut microbiota.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Depression/drug therapy* ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism* ; Rats ; Inflammation ; Male ; Hippocampus ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects*

Objective:To explore the safety and efficacy of intraosseous regional administration (IORA) of vancomycin for preventing infection in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods:A total of 124 patients with knee osteoarthritis undergoing TKA between February 2024 and May 2024 at nine hospitals were enrolled. Preoperative infection prophylaxis involved either IORA (0.5 g vancomycin administered via intraosseous regional infusion before incision) or intravenous infusion (1 g vancomycin via peripheral vein). The IORA group included 15 males and 47 females with a median age of 66.5 years (range, 60.0-70.0 years), while the intravenous group included 14 males and 48 females with a median age of 66.0 years (range, 61.8-70.3 years) years. Intraoperative samples were collected including fat and synovium tissues after incision, before prosthesis placement, and after tourniquet release; distal femoral cancellous bone during femoral osteotomy; proximal tibial cancellous bone during tibial osteotomy; proximal intercondylar cancellous bone before prosthesis placement; and peripheral blood from non-infused arms at surgery initiation and after tourniquet release. Vancomycin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Vital sign changes were recorded from admission to 5~10 minutes post-IORA (IORA group) or post-incision (intravenous group). Follow-ups were conducted on postoperative day 1 and 3, and at 1 and 3 months, to document complications including IORA-related adverse events, periprosthetic joint infections, surgical site infections, red man syndrome, acute kidney injury, deep vein thrombosis and so on.Results:Vancomycin concentrations in bone, fat, and synovial tissue samples were significantly higher in the IORA group than in the intravenous group ( P<0.05), while vancomycin concentrations in blood samples were significantly lower in the IORA group than in the intravenous group ( P<0.05). Only 7.3%(41/558) of tissue samples in the IORA group had vancomycin concentrations below 2.0 μg/g (the minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin against coagulase-negative staphylococcus), compared to 59.3%(331/558) in the intravenous group (χ 2=11.285, P<0.001). In the intravenous group, 16.9%(21/124) of blood samples had vancomycin concentrations exceeding 15.0 mg/L (the threshold associated with a significantly increased risk of nephrotoxicity), while all concentrations in the IORA group were below this threshold, the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=22.943, P<0.001). There were no statistically significant difference ( P>0.05) in vital signs changes before and after vancomycin administration between the two groups. Two patients in the intravenous group experienced incision exudate, while no other related complications occurred in either group. Conclusions:Compared to the traditional intravenous infusion of 1 g vancomycin, intraosseous injection of a low dose (0.5 g) of vancomycin achieves higher local tissue concentrations in the knee joint with a lower incidence of adverse reactions and is safe for infection prophylaxis. Despite guidelines not recommending the routine use of vancomycin for preventing infection after primary TKA, intraosseous injection of 0.5 g vancomycin may be considered intraoperatively for primary TKA in the following scenarios: patients in medical institutions with a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, patients with potential preoperative MRSA colonization, or patients with cephalosporin allergy.

Objectives:To explore the therapeutic efficacy of balloon stent kissing technique(BSKT)and jailing wire technique(JWT)in patients with true bifurcation lesions of the left anterior descending branch-diagonal branch of the coronary artery,and to observe the impact of these two interventional procedures on the lumen area,angina symptoms,cardiac function,myocardial injury,and myocardial perfusion of patients.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted in 203 patients with true bifurcation lesions of the left anterior descending branch-diagonal branch who underwent BSKT and JWT procedures and completed a 6-month follow-up in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital from January 2022 to January 2024.Patients were randomly assigned to the BSKT group(n=107)or the JWT group(n=96).The safety,efficacy,and myocardial perfusion indicators of the two groups were compared.Results:The minimum lumen area measured by intravascular ultrasound immediately after procedure,the Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina classification at 6 months post-intervention,the total score of resting+stress myocardial perfusion at 6 months post-intervention,the total number of segments with resting+stress myocardial ischemia,and the abnormal myocardial perfusion area in both the BSKT group and JWT group were significantly improved compared to baseline values(all P<0.05).In the BSKT group,87 cases(81.3%)achieved immediate success in stent placement,whereas in the JWT group,64 cases(66.7%)achieved immediate success in stent placement.The BSKT group significantly outperformed the JWT group.In terms of the myocardial injury and cardiac function indicators assessed on postoperative day 1,the cardiac troponin I level([0.22±0.13]ng/ml vs.[0.45±0.27]ng/ml,P<0.001),creatine kinase MB([35.24±13.15]U/L vs.[42.39±21.66]U/L,P=0.004),and B-type natriuretic peptide([133.52±25.62]pg/ml vs.[167.22±22.04]pg/ml,P<0.001)were all significantly lower in the BSKT group than in the JWT group.In terms of the myocardial perfusion indicators at 6 months post-intervention,the number of ischemic segments under stress(3.23±1.54 vs.3.87±1.62,P=0.004),the total score of stress perfusion(4.18±2.21 vs.4.97±2.96,P=0.031),and the abnormal myocardial perfusion area([7.04±3.27]%vs.[8.24±3.69]%,P=0.014)were all significantly lower in the BSKT group than in the JWT group.Conclusions:Both BSKT and JWT procedures can significantly improve the lumen area of the left anterior descending branch,angina symptoms,and myocardial perfusion in patients with true bifurcation lesions of the left anterior descending branch-diagonal branch.The BSKT procedure provides more adequate protection for the bifurcation vessels compared to the JWT procedure.

Flexible conductive fibers have been widely applied in wearable flexible sensing. However, exposed wearable flexible sensors based on liquid metal (LM) are prone to abrasion and significant conductivity degradation. This study presented a high-sensitivity LM conductive fiber with integration of strain sensing, electrical heating, and thermochromic capabilities, which was fabricated by coating eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) onto spandex fibers modified with waterborne polyurethane (WPU), followed by thermal curing to form a protective polyurethane sheath. This fiber, designated as Spandex/WPU/EGaIn/Polyurethane (SWEP), exhibits a four-layer coaxial structure: spandex core, WPU modification layer, LM conductive layer, and polyurethane protective sheath. The SWEP fiber had a diameter of (458.3 ± 10.4) μm, linear density of (2.37 ± 0.15) g/m, and uniform EGaIn coating. The fiber had excellent conductivity with an average value of (3 716.9 ± 594.2) S/m. The strain sensing performance was particularly noteworthy. A 5 cm × 5 cm woven fabric was fabricated using polyester warp yarns and SWEP weft yarns. The fabric exhibited satisfactory moisture permeability [(536.06 ± 33.15) g/(m ²·h)] and maintained stable thermochromic performance after repeated heating cycles. This advanced conductive fiber development is expected to significantly promote LM applications in wearable electronics and smart textile systems.
Wearable Electronic Devices ; Polyurethanes/chemistry* ; Electric Conductivity ; Gallium/chemistry* ; Metals/chemistry*

Objective To explore the bioactive components in Jiawei Xiaoyao Pills(JWXYP)and their mechanisms for alleviating depression-like behaviors.Methods The active compounds,key targets,and pathways of JWXYP were identified using TCMSP and TCMIP databases.Thirty-six SD rats were randomized equally into 6 groups including a control group and 5 chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)-induced depression groups.After modeling,the 5 model groups were treated with daily gavage of normal saline,1.8 mg/kg fluoxetine hydrochloride(positive control drug),or JWXYP at 1.44,2.88,and 4.32 g/kg.The depression-like behaviors of the rats were evaluated using behavioral tests,and pathological changes in the liver and hippocampus were examined with HE staining.The biochemical indicators in the serum and brain tissues were detected using ELISA.Serum metabolomics analysis was performed to identify the differential metabolites using OPLS-DA,and gut microbiota changes were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing.Results Network pharmacology revealed that menthone and paeonol in JWXYP were capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier to regulate inflammatory pathways and protect the nervous system.In the rat models subjected to CUMS,treatment with JWXYP significantly improved body weight loss,sucrose preference and open field activities,reduced liver inflammation,alleviated structural changes in the hippocampal neurons,decreased serum levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 and LBP,and increased 5-HT and VIP concentrations in the serum and brain tissue,and these effects were the most pronounced in the high-dose group.Metabolomics analysis showed changes in such metabolites as indole-3-acetamide and acetyl-L-carnitine in JWXYP-treated rats,involving the pathways for bile acid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism.16S rDNA analysis demonstrated increased gut microbiota diversity and increased abundance of Lactobacillus species in JWXYP-treated rats.Conclusion JWXYP alleviates depression-like symptoms in rats by regulating the neurotransmitters,inhibiting inflammation and oxidation,and modulating gut microbiota.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of cognitive inhibition in children with hearing impairment and the impact of different types of materials on their cognitive inhibition.Methods From June,2024 to January,2025,21 children with hearing impairment from Liaocheng Special Education School and 20 typically developing children from Guotun Town Central Primary School in Yanggu County,Liao-cheng were randomly selected.A directed forgetting task was used in a mixed experimental design.The experi-mental procedure was presented using Eprime 3.0,and recall performance was recorded through paper-and-pen-cil tests.Results Three children with hearing impairment and two typically developing children were dropped down.The children with hearing impairment scored significantly lower on recall tasks than the typically developing children(F=13.545,P<0.001).In the typically developing children,recall performance under the memory condition was sig-nificantly lower than under the forgetting condition(P<0.001).In the children with hearing impairment,there was no significant difference in recall performance between the memory condition and the forgetting condition(P>0.05).Regardless of whether the materials were letters or figures,all the children showed significantly high-er recall scores under the forgetting condition compared to the memory condition(P<0.01).Conclusion Children with hearing impairment exhibit weaker cognitive inhibition compared to typically developing chil-dren.The type of materials doesn't impact individuals'cognitive inhibition performance.