Occult hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection(OBI)represents a potential reservoir for HBV transmission,capable of spreading through routes such as blood transfusion.Additionally,OBI can con-tribute to the chronic progression of hepatitis B-related diseases,sustaining a state of chronic HBV infec-tion.In individuals with compromised immune function or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy,OBI may lead to HBV re-activation,potentially triggering severe liver conditions such as acute hepatitis or liv-er failure.As a result,OBI poses a significant public health challenge,profoundly impacting the health and well-being of affected populations and complicating HBV infection control efforts in China.Clinically diagnosing OBI remains challenging,but its hallmark is serum hepatitis B surface antigen negative and the presence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA(cccDNA)in the liver.With the increasing focus on achieving functional cure for chronic hepatitis B,both domestic and international guidelines have re-fined functional cure.Notably,these guidelines acknowledge that cccDNA may persist in the liver tissue of individuals who have achieved functional cure,suggesting resemblance of an occult infection state.Here,we provide a comprehensive overview of OBI,including its definition,classification,public health implications,underlying mechanisms,and clinical reactivation.By updating the understanding of OBI,we aim to raise awareness among clinicians and public health professionals regarding the significance of OBI in the current context and encourage greater attention to this population.

Objective To investigate the effect of salvianolic acid B(Sal B)on high glucose(HG)induced necrotic apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial cells(RPE)by regulating the receptor-interacting protein kinase 1(RIP1)/RIP3/mixed lineage kinase domain like protein(MLKL)signaling pathway.Methods RPE cells ARPE-19 were used as the research object and separated into control(Con)group,HG group,L-Sal B group,M-Sal B group,H-Sal B group,pcDNA3.1-NC group,and pcDNA3.1-RIP1 group.The qRT-PCR method was applied to detect the expression of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL in ARPE-19 cells in each group.CCK8 was applied to detect ARPE-19 cell survival rate.Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis.DCFH-DA fluorescent probe was applied to detect reactive oxygen species(ROS)level.ELISA was applied to detect the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL-1β),and IL-6.Western blot was applied to detect the expression of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL proteins.Results The cell survival rate was lower in the HG group than in the Con group(P<0.05).The cell apoptosis rate,the proportion of ROS-positive cells,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and the mRNA and protein expressions of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL were higher in the HG group than in the Con group(P<0.05).The cell survival rates were higher,while the cell apoptosis rates,the proportion of ROS-positive cells,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and the mRNA and protein expressions of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL were lower in the L-Sal B,M-Sal B,and H-Sal B groups than in the HG group(P<0.05).The cell survival rates increased successively(P<0.05),while the cell apoptosis rates,the proportion of ROS-positive cells,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and the mRNA and protein expressions of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL decreased successively in the L-Sal B,M-Sal B,and H-Sal B groups(P<0.05).The cell survival rate was lower(P<0.05),while the cell apoptosis rate,the proportion of ROS-positive cells,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and the mRNA and protein expressions of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL were higher in the pcDNA3.1-RIP1 group than in the H-Sal B and pcDNA3.1-NC groups(P<0.05).Conclusions Sal B may inhibit the necrotic apoptosis of RPE cells induced by HG by suppressing the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of salvianolic acid B(Sal B)on high glucose(HG)induced necrotic apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial cells(RPE)by regulating the receptor-interacting protein kinase 1(RIP1)/RIP3/mixed lineage kinase domain like protein(MLKL)signaling pathway.Methods RPE cells ARPE-19 were used as the research object and separated into control(Con)group,HG group,L-Sal B group,M-Sal B group,H-Sal B group,pcDNA3.1-NC group,and pcDNA3.1-RIP1 group.The qRT-PCR method was applied to detect the expression of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL in ARPE-19 cells in each group.CCK8 was applied to detect ARPE-19 cell survival rate.Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis.DCFH-DA fluorescent probe was applied to detect reactive oxygen species(ROS)level.ELISA was applied to detect the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL-1β),and IL-6.Western blot was applied to detect the expression of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL proteins.Results The cell survival rate was lower in the HG group than in the Con group(P<0.05).The cell apoptosis rate,the proportion of ROS-positive cells,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and the mRNA and protein expressions of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL were higher in the HG group than in the Con group(P<0.05).The cell survival rates were higher,while the cell apoptosis rates,the proportion of ROS-positive cells,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and the mRNA and protein expressions of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL were lower in the L-Sal B,M-Sal B,and H-Sal B groups than in the HG group(P<0.05).The cell survival rates increased successively(P<0.05),while the cell apoptosis rates,the proportion of ROS-positive cells,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and the mRNA and protein expressions of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL decreased successively in the L-Sal B,M-Sal B,and H-Sal B groups(P<0.05).The cell survival rate was lower(P<0.05),while the cell apoptosis rate,the proportion of ROS-positive cells,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and the mRNA and protein expressions of RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL were higher in the pcDNA3.1-RIP1 group than in the H-Sal B and pcDNA3.1-NC groups(P<0.05).Conclusions Sal B may inhibit the necrotic apoptosis of RPE cells induced by HG by suppressing the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL signaling pathway.

Objective:To develop a rapid assessment scale for healthy aging suitable for the Chinese population.Methods:Based on existing healthy aging assessment scales, national standards, and expert consensus, an initial Healthy Aging Rapid Assessment Scale was drafted through two rounds of expert consultation. A pre-survey was conducted with 3 220 subjects recruited from Guangzhou between July 2023 and July 2024. Items were screened through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis to form the final scale. Reliability and validity of the final scale were validated across five cities: Guangzhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen, Baoding, and Chuxiong.Results:The initial version comprised 36 items, while the finalized scale contained 18 items across three dimensions: metabolic health, mental health, and cognitive health. Test-retest reliability ranged from 0.71 to 0.81 across all study sites. The Spearman-Brown coefficient varied between 0.91-0.96, Cronbach′s α between 0.77-0.83, comparative fit index (CFI) between 0.90-0.98, goodness-of-fit index (GFI) between 0.90-0.99, and root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) between 0.03-0.09. For the three dimensions, reliability and validity metrics demonstrated consistency: Spearman-Brown coefficients 0.87-0.99, Cronbach′s α 0.77-0.83, CFI 0.90-0.98, GFI 0.90-0.99, and RMSEA 0.03-0.09 across four regions.Conclusion:The developed Healthy Aging Rapid Assessment Scale for the Chinese population exhibits robust reliability and validity.

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)technologies,their widespread application in academic research and writing is continuously expanding the boundaries of sci-entific inquiry.However,this trend has also raised a series of ethical and regulatory challenges,inclu-ding issues related to authorship,content authenticity,citation accuracy,and accountability.In light of the growing involvement of AI in generating academic content,establishing an open,controllable,and trustworthy ethical governance framework has become a key task for safeguarding research integrity and maintaining trust within the academic community.This expert consensus outlines ethical requirements across key stages of AI-assisted academic writing-including topic selection,data management,citation practices,and authorship attribution.It aims to clarify the boundaries and ethical obligations surrounding AI use in academic writing,ensuring that technological tools enhance efficiency without compromising in-tegrity.The goal is to provide guidance and institutional support for building a responsible and sustainable research ecosystem.

Objective To observe the value of traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters combined with middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters for diagnosing female stress urinary incontinence(SUI).Methods Fifty two female SUI patients(SUI group)and 45 healthy women(control group)were prospectively enrolled.Traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters and middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters were compared between groups,and logistic regression analysis was performed,the efficacy of each parameter alone and their combination for diagnosing SUI was analyzed.Results Significant differences of bladder neck descent(BND),urethral rotation angle(URA),posterior urethrovesical angle(PUA),shear modulus of the middle urethral anterior wall sphincter at rest state(Q1),shear modulus of the middle urethral anterior wall sphincter under maximum Valsalva maneuver(Q2),and shear modulus of the middle urethral posterior wall sphincter at resting-state(H1)were found between groups(all P＜0.05).BND,PUA,Q1 and Q2 were all influencing factors of female SUI(all P＜0.05),with the area under the curve(AUC)for diagnosing SUI of 0.721,0.718,0.659 and 0.288,respectively.Then traditional ultrasound model,elasticity ultrasound model and combined model were constructed based on traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters(BND,PUA),middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters(Q1,Q2)and their combination,respectively,with AUC for diagnosing SUI of 0.837,0.754 and 0.908,respectively.The AUC of combined model was higher than that of traditional ultrasound model,elasticity ultrasound model and each ultrasound parameter alone(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters combined with middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters had high value for diagnosing female SUI.

Objective To observe the value of middle urethral motion and sphincter elasticity for diagnosing female stress urinary incontinence(SUI).Methods Totally 97 female patients,including 52 with SUI(SUI group)and 45 without SUI(control group)were prospectively enrolled.Pelvic floor ultrasound was performed under resting state and the maximum Valsalva maneuver,respectively,and bladder neck mobility(BND),upper-lower mobility of middle urethra(UMupper-lower),anterior-posterior mobility of middle urethra(UM anterior-posterior),elasticity parameter of the anterior wall of middle urethral sphincter(ΔEanterior wall),as well as elasticity parameter of the posterior wall of middle urethral sphincter(ΔEposterior wall)were measured.Patients'general data and the above ultrasound parameters were compared between groups,and the efficacy of them for diagnosing SUI was analyzed.Results Significant differences of BND,UM upper-lower,ΔEanterior wall and ΔEposterior wall,of also the proportion of lateral episiotomy history were found between groups(all P＜0.05).Among them,UMupper-lower,ΔEanterior wall and ΔEposterior wall were all correlated with female SUI(rs=0.231,-0.533,-0.428,all P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of UMupper-lower,ΔEanterior wall,ΔEposterior wall and their combination for diagnosing SUI was 0.634,0.820,0.748 and 0.867,respectively.The AUC of the combination was significantly higher than that of each parameter alone(all P＜0.001).Conclusion The combination of middle urethral motion and sphincter elasticity was helpful for diagnosing female SUI.

Objective This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the domestic and international standards for prefilled syringes to advance the scientific and international alignment of China's PFS standard system.Methods A thorough review of the framework,scope,and quality control key points of the 2015 national pharmaceutical packaging material standards(abbreviated as YBB standards),the ISO 11040 international standard system and the United States Pharmacopeia standard system was conducted.Comparative analysis was employed to reveal the similarities and differences among the three,thereby uncovering the unique characteristics of each.Results The YBB standards emphasize quality control for prefilled syringes,offering clear and operational guidelines that provide companies with precise directives for production and testing.However,the scope of these standards is relatively limited.ISO standards apply to a wide range of products,featuring comprehensive coverage and a degree of flexibility.They emphasize the universality of products and compatibility with other international standards,which facilitates global production and trade.USP includes several chapters related to prefilled syringes but lacks a certain level of specificity and systematic approach.Conclusion By thoroughly studying and drawing upon the quality control philosophies,standard frameworks,and key control points of prefilled syringes from both domestic and international standards,we aim to provide valuable references for the development of a robust prefilled syringe standard system within the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Occult hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection(OBI)represents a potential reservoir for HBV transmission,capable of spreading through routes such as blood transfusion.Additionally,OBI can con-tribute to the chronic progression of hepatitis B-related diseases,sustaining a state of chronic HBV infec-tion.In individuals with compromised immune function or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy,OBI may lead to HBV re-activation,potentially triggering severe liver conditions such as acute hepatitis or liv-er failure.As a result,OBI poses a significant public health challenge,profoundly impacting the health and well-being of affected populations and complicating HBV infection control efforts in China.Clinically diagnosing OBI remains challenging,but its hallmark is serum hepatitis B surface antigen negative and the presence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA(cccDNA)in the liver.With the increasing focus on achieving functional cure for chronic hepatitis B,both domestic and international guidelines have re-fined functional cure.Notably,these guidelines acknowledge that cccDNA may persist in the liver tissue of individuals who have achieved functional cure,suggesting resemblance of an occult infection state.Here,we provide a comprehensive overview of OBI,including its definition,classification,public health implications,underlying mechanisms,and clinical reactivation.By updating the understanding of OBI,we aim to raise awareness among clinicians and public health professionals regarding the significance of OBI in the current context and encourage greater attention to this population.

Objective To investigate and compare the epidemiological characteristics of common respiratory viruses among influenza-like illness(ILI)and severe acute respiratory infection(SARI)cases in Huzhou,Zhejiang Province before and after the COVID-19 pandemic,so as to provide a basis for formulating and adjusting the prevention and control strategies for viral respiratory infectious diseases.Methods ILI and SARI cases at two influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in Huzhou and had throat swab samples collected during Nov 2017 to Feb 2020(pre-COVID-19 pandemic period)and Dec 2022 to Apr 2024(post-COVID-19 mitigation phase)were selected as the participants.Seven common viral respiratory pathogens were tested,including influenza A virus(H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes),influenza B virus(Victoria lineage,FluB),respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),rhinovirus(HRV),adenovirus(ADV),and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2).The positive rates of respiratory pathogens before and after the COVID-19 pandemic were compared across different age groups and different time.Results A total of 7 948 ILI samples and 2 294 SARI samples were included.The overall positive rate of ILI samples increased from 33.6%to 47.1%,primarily due to the increase in influenza and COVID-19 infections;the overall positive rate of SARI samples decreased from 31.4%to 24.8%,mainly due to the reduction in HRV and ADV infections.During the post-COVID-19 mitigation phase,SARS-CoV-2(22.1%),H3N2(12.7%),and FluB(6.0%)were the primary pathogens in ILI samples,while RSV(7.1%),H3N2(5.3%),and HRV(4.5%)dominated in SARI samples.During the post-COVID-19 mitigation phase,the influenza virus circulation period was shortened.Before the COVID-19 pandemic,RSV was mainly detected in autumn and winter,while during the post-COVID-19 mitigation phase,out-of-season RSV epidemics were observed in spring and summer.Co-infection rate in ILI cases increased significantly in the post-COVID-19 mitigation phase,predominantly consisting of co-infections of COVID-19 and influenza A virus,while co-infection rate in SARI cases showed a decline.Conclusion We found important epidemiological changes in respiratory viruses in Huzhou during the post-COVID-19 mitigation phase compared to pre-COVID-19 period,including increased positive rates of influenza and COVID-19,and disruptions to the seasonal patterns of influenza and RSV.The prevention and control strategies should be adjusted in a timely manner based on the monitoring data.