Sodium-glucose co-transporter protein 2 inhibitor(SGLT2i)has steadily demonstrated benefits in the treatment of type 2 diabetes complicated with cardiovascular diseases based on evidence-based medicine,but its precise mechanism is yet unknown.We identified type 2 diabetes patients with HFpEF by searching PubMed,Web of Science,China knowledge network(CNKI),and other databases.We then summarized the pathological mechanism of HFpEF caused by type 2 diabetes.At the same time,to link to evidence-based medical,we explored the future of SGLT2i in clinical application.

AIM To investigate the consistency of chemical constituents between formula granules and standard decoction of Coptidis Rhizoma.METHODS Eighteen batches of standard decoctions were prepared,after which the extraction rate and contents,transfer rates of magnolflorine,jatrorrhizine,columbamine,epiberberine,coptisine,palmatine,berberin were determined,HPLC characteristic chromatograms were established.RESULTS There were 11 common peaks in the characteristic chromatograms of 18 batches of standard decoctions and 24 batches of formula granules with the similarities of 0.861-1.000,which were clusterd into two categories.The formula granules and standard decoction demonstrated approximated extraction rate and contents,transfer rates of index constituents.CONCLUSION The chemical constituents between formula granules and standard decoction of Coptidis Rhizoma display good consistency,which can provide references for the quality control,process research and clinical application of the former.

Objective: To study the incidence of bloodstream infections, pathogen distribution, and antibiotic resistance profile in patients with hematological malignancies. Methods: From January 2018 to December 2021, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics, pathogen distribution, and antibiotic resistance profiles of patients with malignant hematological diseases and bloodstream infections in the Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University. Results: A total of 582 incidences of bloodstream infections occurred in 22,717 inpatients. From 2018 to 2021, the incidence rates of bloodstream infections were 2.79%, 2.99%, 2.79%, and 2.02%, respectively. Five hundred ninety-nine types of bacteria were recovered from blood cultures, with 487 (81.3%) gram-negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eighty-one (13.5%) were gram-positive bacteria, primarily Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterococcus faecium, whereas the remaining 31 (5.2%) were fungi. Enterobacteriaceae resistance to carbapenems, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone sodium/sulbactam, and tigecycline were 11.0%, 15.3%, 15.4%, and 3.3%, with a descending trend year on year. Non-fermenters tolerated piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone sodium/sulbactam, and quinolones at 29.6%, 13.3%, and 21.7%, respectively. However, only two gram-positive bacteria isolates were shown to be resistant to glycopeptide antibiotics. Conclusions: Bloodstream pathogens in hematological malignancies were broadly dispersed, most of which were gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotic resistance rates vary greatly between species. Our research serves as a valuable resource for the selection of empirical antibiotics.
Humans ; Bacteremia/epidemiology* ; Cefoperazone ; Sulbactam ; Retrospective Studies ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; Sepsis ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination ; Escherichia coli

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been reported to play an important role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Astrocytes are important components of neurovascular units and tightly appose the endothelial cells of microvessels by their perivascular endfeet and directly regulate the functions of the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes express more HMGB1 during EAE while the exact roles of astrocytic HMGB1 in EAE have not been well elucidated. Here, using conditional-knockout mice, we found that astrocytic HMGB1 depletion decreased morbidity, delayed the onset time, and reduced the disease score and demyelination of EAE. Meanwhile, there were fewer immune cells, especially pathogenic T cells infiltration in the central nervous system of astrocytic HMGB1 conditional-knockout EAE mice, accompanied by up-regulated expression of the tight-junction protein Claudin5 and down-regulated expression of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1 in vivo. In vitro, HMGB1 released from astrocytes decreased Claudin5 while increased ICAM1 and VCAM1 expressed by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) through TLR4 or RAGE. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HMGB1 derived from astrocytes aggravates EAE by directly influencing the immune cell infiltration-associated functions of BMECs.
Mice ; Animals ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism* ; Astrocytes/metabolism* ; HMGB1 Protein/metabolism* ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism*

To ensure the safety of medications, it is vital to accurately authenticate species of the Apocynaceae family, which is rich in poisonous medicinal plants. We identified Apocynaceae species by using nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and psbA-trnH based on experimental data. The identification ability of ITS2 and psbA-trnH was assessed using specific genetic divergence, BLAST1, and neighbor-joining trees. For DNA barcoding, ITS2 and psbA-trnH regions of 122 plant samples of 31 species from 19 genera in the Apocynaceae family were amplified. The PCR amplification for ITS2 and psbA-trnH sequences was 100%. The sequencing success rates for ITS2 and psbA-trnH sequences were 81% and 61%, respectively. Additional data involved 53 sequences of the ITS2 region and 38 sequences of the psbA-trnH region were downloaded from GenBank. Moreover, the analysis showed that the inter-specific divergence of Apocynaceae species was greater than its intra-specific variations. The results indicated that, using the BLAST1 method, ITS2 showed a high identification efficiency of 97% and 100% of the samples at the species and genus levels, respectively, via BLAST1, and psbA-trnH successfully identified 95% and 100% of the samples at the species and genus levels, respectively. The barcode combination of ITS2/psbA-trnH successfully identified 98% and 100% of samples at the species and genus levels, respectively. Subsequently, the neighbor joining tree method also showed that barcode ITS2 and psbA-trnH could distinguish among the species within the Apocynaceae family. ITS2 is a core barcode and psbA-trnH is a supplementary barcode for identifying species in the Apocynaceae family. These results will help to improve DNA barcoding reference databases for herbal drugs and other herbal raw materials.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Yiqi Wenyang Huoxue Huatan Fang (YWHHF) on alleviating hypoxia-hypercarbia pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) BMP-7/Smads pathway. METHODS: Fifty male healthy SD rats of clean grede, weighting (180~220) g, were randomly divided into 5 groups (=10):normoxia group (N), hypoxia-hypercarbia group (HH); YWHHF high dose group (YH), middle dose group (YM) and low dose group (YL). The rats in N group were kept in normal oxygen environment, the remaining four groups were intermittently exposed to hypoxia-hypercarbia environment (9%~11% O, 5%~6% CO) for 4 weeks, 6 days a week, 8 hours per day. The rats in YH, YM, YL groups were received YWHHF gavage in a dosageof 0.6, 0.3, 0.15g/kg respectively (3 ml/kg),the rats in N and HH groups were received equal volume of normal saline. After 4 weeks, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure(mPAP) was detected,the right ventricular free wall and left ventricle plus ventricular septum were isolated to determine the right ventricular hypertrophy index. Lung ultrastructural changes were surveyed under an electronic microscopy, the changes of pulmonary artery structure surveyed by immunofluorescence, the mRNA levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)、platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31)、bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7)、drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein1/5/8 (Smad1/5/8) were detected by RT-PCR, and the protein levels of α-SMA、CD31、BMP-7、p-Smad1/5/8 and Smad1/5/8 were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with N group, mPAP and the right ventricular hypertrophy index were increased,some significant injuries also were discovered under microscopic observation,the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA was increased, and the mRNA expressions of CD31、BMP-7、Smad1/5/8 were decreased in the other four groups, the protein expressions of CD31、BMP-7、p-Smad1/5/8 were decreased(<0.05). Compared with HH group, the above changes in YH、YM、YL groups were all improved (<0.05). CONCLUSIONS YWHHF can inhibit EndoMT to alleviate pulmonary hypertension, and the mechanism may be related to the promotion of the expression of BMP-7/Smads pathway.
Animals ; Hypercapnia ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; chemically induced ; Hypoxia ; Male ; Pulmonary Artery ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Drainage ; Humans ; Pancreas ; surgery ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy ; Stents

BackgroundGlehnia littoralis has been used for traditional Asian medicine, which has diverse therapeutic activities. However, studies regarding neurogenic effects of G. littoralis have not yet been considered. Therefore, in this study, we examined effects of G. littoralis extract on cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, and the maturation of newborn neurons in the hippocampus of adult mice.

MethodsA total of 39 male ICR mice (12 weeks old) were randomly assigned to vehicle-treated and 100 and 200 mg/kg G. littoralis extract-treated groups (n = 13 in each group). Vehicle and G. littoralis extract were orally administrated for 28 days. To examine neurogenic effects of G. littoralis extract, we performed immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU, an indicator for cell proliferation) and doublecortin (DCX, an immature neuronal marker) and double immunofluorescence staining for BrdU and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN, a mature neuronal marker). In addition, we examined expressional changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its major receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) using Western blotting analysis.

ResultsTreatment with 200 mg/kg, not 100 mg/kg, significantly increased number of BrdU-immunoreactive () and DCX cells (48.0 ± 3.1 and 72.0 ± 3.8 cells/section, respectively) in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) and BrdU/NeuN cells (17.0 ± 1.5 cells/section) in the granule cell layer as well as in the SGZ. In addition, protein levels of BDNF and TrkB (about 232% and 244% of the vehicle-treated group, respectively) were significantly increased in the DG of the mice treated with 200 mg/kg of G. littoralis extract.

ConclusionG. littoralis extract promots cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, and neuronal maturation in the hippocampal DG, and neurogenic effects might be closely related to increases of BDNF and TrkB proteins by G. littoralis extract treatment.

Animals ; Apiaceae ; chemistry ; Blotting, Western ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Dentate Gyrus ; cytology ; drug effects ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; drug effects ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Mice ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Neurogenesis ; drug effects ; Neuropeptides ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Receptor, trkB ; metabolism

The genus Populus (poplar) belonging to the Salicaceae family has been used in traditional medicine, and its several species show various pharmacological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. No study regarding protective effects of Populus species against cerebral ischemia has been reported. Therefore, in the present study, we examined neuroprotective effects of ethanol extract from Populus tomentiglandulosa (Korea poplar) in the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA1) area of gerbils subjected to 5 minutes of transient global cerebral ischemia. Pretreatment with 200 mg/kg of P. tomentiglandulosa extract effectively protected CA1 pyramidal neurons from transient global cerebral ischemia. In addition, glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive astrocytes and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 immunoreactive microglia were significantly diminished in the ischemic CA1 area by pretreatment with 200 mg/kg of P. tomentiglandulosa extract. Briefly, our results indicate that pretreatment with P. tomentiglandulosa extract protects neurons from transient cerebral ischemic injury and diminish cerebral ischemia-induced reactive gliosis in ischemic CA1 area. Based on these results, we suggest that P. tomentiglandulosa can be used as a potential candidate for prevention of ischemic injury.
Astrocytes ; Brain Ischemia* ; Calcium ; Ethanol ; Gerbillinae* ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; Gliosis* ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Medicine, Traditional ; Microglia ; Neurons* ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Populus* ; Pyramidal Cells ; Salicaceae

Objective:To investigate the relationship between chronic tonsillitis and thyroid autoimmunity by detecting thyroid autoantibodies and analyzing the morbidity of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) in patients with recurrent chronic tonsillitis.Methods:122 female patients with chronic tonsillitis (female inflammatory group) and 105 male patients (male inflammatory group) were selected as the research objects.172 female patients (female non-inflammatory group) and 146 male patients (male non-inflammatory group) of the same age and with no chronic tonsillitis were selected as the control group.Retrospective analysis was performed.The differences of the positive rates of thyroid autoantibodies including thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb),thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb),and thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) between the two groups were detected and comparatively analyzed.The morbidity of autoimmune thyroid diseases such as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT),Graves disease (GD) and other autoimmune diseases was further analyzed and comparatively analyzed between the two groups.The difference of abnormal thyroid function between the two groups was compared.Results:The positive rates of TgAb and TPOAb in male and female inflammatory groups (male:14.3％,30.5％;female:30.3％,40.2％) were significantly higher than those of the non-inflammatory group (P＜0.05);the positive rates of TRAb in male and female inflammatory groups (male:2.9 ％;woman:4.1％) were not significantly different from that of the non-inflammatory group.The prevalence of CLT in male and female inflammatory patients (male:16.2％;female,25.4％) was significantly higher than that in the corresponding non-inflammatory group (P＜0.01);the prevalence of GD in the male and female inflammatory patients (male:2.9 ％;female:4.1％) was not significantly different from that in the non-inflammatory group.The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in the male and female inflammatory patients (male:21.9 ％;female:27.9 ％) was significantly higher than that in the non-inflammatory group (P＜0.01).The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the female inflammatory group (6.6％) was significantly higher than that in the female non-inflammatory group (P＜0.05).The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and clinical hyperthyroidism in male and female inflammatory patients and the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the male group were not significantly different from those in the non-inflammatory group.Conclusions:The positive rate of thyroid autoantibodies,the prevalence of CLT and the abnormal rate of thyroid function in patients with chronic tonsillitis are significantly higher.Chronic tonsillitis may be a risk factor for autoimmune thyroid damage.