Blood standardization is a crucial means of promoting the healthy and sustainable development of China's blood industry. The construction of a blood standard system serves as the foundational work for blood standardization. To facilitate the continuous improvement of blood standardization efforts, this paper begins by describing the current status and analyzing the issues within China's blood standard system. Through systematic research, it proposes a framework for constructing a blood standard system and offers revision recommendations for its enhancement. Based on the first five editions of the blood standard system developed by Sub-Committee of Blood Standards of National Committee of Health Standards, this study further refines the revision and detailed construction of the standards framework—the primary task in establishing the blood standard system. It provides specific guidance for both the construction and application of the blood standard system. This work serves as a reference and basis for the reasonable and standardized formulation and revision of blood standards, as well as for the management and implementation of blood standardization efforts.

AIM To evaluate the quality of Gegen Formula Granules.METHODS Linear calibration with two reference substances(LCTRS)was adopted in the predicting of retention time with puerarin and daidzein as internal standards.UPLC characteristic chromatograms were established.The contents of 3'-hydroxy puerarin,puerarin(internal standard),3'-methoxy puerarin,puerarin 6"-O-xyloside,puerarin apioside and daidzin were determined by quantitative determination analysis multi-components by a single marker(QAMS),after which their transfer rates were calculated.RESULTS Compared with relative retention time method,LCTRS demonstrated higher positional accuracy for characteristic peaks and wider application range for columns.There were 9 characteristic peaks in the characteristic chromatograms for 14 batches of formula granules and 15 batches of standard decoctions with the similarities of more than 0.95.The contents and transfer rates of various constituents in formula granules and standard decoctions were basically consistent.CONCLUSION The chemical constituents in formula granules and their standard decoctions of Puerariae lobatae Radix display good consistency,reliable preparation process is observable in the former.

Aim To establish and evaluate an alternative meth-od for detecting skin sensitization of cosmetics based on local lymph node assay using bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU)with flow cytometry(FCM).Methods(1)25％hexyl cinnamic alde-hyde(HCA)was chosen as a positive control with an acetone:olive oil(4∶1,V/V,AOO)mixture as a vehicle control for the experiment.The dorsal sides of both ears of mice were treated with test solutions on day 1,day 2,and day 3.Brdu solution was injected inter-peritoneally on day 5.On day 6,the bilateral ears and mandibular lymph nodes were excised,and the number of Brdu positive cells was measured by flow cytometry.The stim-ulation index(SI)was calculated to identify whether it was ≥3,in order to establish the method of LLNA:Brdu-FCM.(2)BrdU-FCM test was conducted using a blind method with the fif-teen reference substances listed in OECD TG429 whose skin sensitization potentials were known.The test substances were dissolved in AOO,N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)or dimeth-yl sulfoxide(DMSO)at three different concentrations.Tests were performed the same as above.SI and EC2.7 were calculat-ed to evaluate whether the test substance was categorized as a skin sensitizer.The reliability and accuracy of the method were validated by comparing the classification of test substances with that in OECD TG429.Results The SI for 25％HCA was 3.9,showing positive in the skin sensitization test.It demonstrated that the LLNA:Brdu-FCM test method was properly implemen-ted.Nine test substances(2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene,4-pheny-lenediamine,cobalt chloride,2-mercaptobenzothiazole,hexyl-cinnamaldehyde,eugenol,phenyl benzoate,cinnamic alcohol,imidazolidinyl urea)were positive,and six test substances(methyl methacrylate,chlorobenzene,isopropanol,lactic acid,methyl salicylate,salicylic acid)were negative.The method was evaluated with sensitivity of 90％,specificity of 100％,positive prediction rate of 100％,negative prediction rate of 83％,false positive rate of 0％,false negative rate of 17％and accuracy of 93％.The LLNA:BrdU-FCM assay could correctly categorize the test substances that were skin sensitizers or non-sensitizers.Conclusion The LLNA:BrdU-FCM assay appears to be a relia-ble predictor of skin sensitization protential of chemicals,and it is expected to an alternative method for identifying skin sensitization as a supplementary in safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredient.

Objective:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation(nVNS)on traumatic brain injury(TBI).Methods:Male SD rats were used to prepare controlled cortical impact(CCI)rat mod-el.nVNS treatment was performed.The motor function of rats was detected by beam walking test.The water content of rats was evaluated by the dry-wet ratio of rat brain tissue.The content of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)in cerebrospinal fluid was detected by commercial kit.The expression of bain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and nerve growth fac-tor(NGF)mRNA in rat cortex was detected by RT-qPCR.Results:After nVNS stimulation,CCI rats significantly im-proved the neurological function deficit,improved the motor ability,decreased the cerebral water content,decreased the level of LDH in cerebrospinal fluid,and upregulated the expression of BDNF and NGF mRNA in cortex.Conclusion:nVNS has a neuroprotective effect on TBI rats,and its mechanism may be related to the increased expression of BDNF and NGF.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial strains isolated from pediatric intensive care units(PICU)in China for better antimicrobial therapy.Methods Clinical isolates were collected from 17 institutions,including tertiary care children's hospitals and pediatric department of tertiary general hospitals in China from January 1,2020 to December 31,2022.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to a unified protocol using Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems.Results were interpreted according to the breakpoints released by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)in 2020.Results A total of 10 688 isolates were collected,including gram-positive organisms(39.2％)and gram-negative organisms(60.8％).The top three organisms were S.aureus(13.6％,1 453/10 688),A.baumannii(10.0％,1 067/10 688),and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(9.9％,1 058/10 688).Multi-drug resistant organisms(MDROs)were very common in children.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales(CRE),carbapenem-resistant E.coli,carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae(CRKP),carbapenem-resistant A.baumannii(CRAB),and carbapenem-resistant P.aeruginosa(CRPA)was 41.1％,19.4％,8.8％,30.9％,67.4％,and 28.8％,respectively.Overall,more than 50％of Enterobacteriales isolates were resistant to cephalosporins,while nearly 25％of Enterobacteriales isolates were resistant to carbapenems.MDROs were highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics.More than 80％of CRE and CRAB strains were resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics.CRE and CRAB showed low resistance rates to tigecycline and polymyxin.CRPA showed lower resistance rates to piperacillin,beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations than the resistance rates to third and fourth generation cephalosporins.All of the Staphylococcus and Enterococcus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and tigecycline.None of PRSP strains isolated from meningitis and nonmeningitis samples were resistant to rifampicin,vancomycin,or linezolid.The prevalence of β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant(BLNAR)strains was 43.3％in Haemophilus influenzae.Conclusions MDROs were prevalent in PICU.It is necessary to establish an effective multidisciplinary team(MDT)to control the antimicrobial resistance.

Aim To establish and evaluate an alternative meth-od for detecting skin sensitization of cosmetics based on local lymph node assay using bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU)with flow cytometry(FCM).Methods(1)25％hexyl cinnamic alde-hyde(HCA)was chosen as a positive control with an acetone:olive oil(4∶1,V/V,AOO)mixture as a vehicle control for the experiment.The dorsal sides of both ears of mice were treated with test solutions on day 1,day 2,and day 3.Brdu solution was injected inter-peritoneally on day 5.On day 6,the bilateral ears and mandibular lymph nodes were excised,and the number of Brdu positive cells was measured by flow cytometry.The stim-ulation index(SI)was calculated to identify whether it was ≥3,in order to establish the method of LLNA:Brdu-FCM.(2)BrdU-FCM test was conducted using a blind method with the fif-teen reference substances listed in OECD TG429 whose skin sensitization potentials were known.The test substances were dissolved in AOO,N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)or dimeth-yl sulfoxide(DMSO)at three different concentrations.Tests were performed the same as above.SI and EC2.7 were calculat-ed to evaluate whether the test substance was categorized as a skin sensitizer.The reliability and accuracy of the method were validated by comparing the classification of test substances with that in OECD TG429.Results The SI for 25％HCA was 3.9,showing positive in the skin sensitization test.It demonstrated that the LLNA:Brdu-FCM test method was properly implemen-ted.Nine test substances(2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene,4-pheny-lenediamine,cobalt chloride,2-mercaptobenzothiazole,hexyl-cinnamaldehyde,eugenol,phenyl benzoate,cinnamic alcohol,imidazolidinyl urea)were positive,and six test substances(methyl methacrylate,chlorobenzene,isopropanol,lactic acid,methyl salicylate,salicylic acid)were negative.The method was evaluated with sensitivity of 90％,specificity of 100％,positive prediction rate of 100％,negative prediction rate of 83％,false positive rate of 0％,false negative rate of 17％and accuracy of 93％.The LLNA:BrdU-FCM assay could correctly categorize the test substances that were skin sensitizers or non-sensitizers.Conclusion The LLNA:BrdU-FCM assay appears to be a relia-ble predictor of skin sensitization protential of chemicals,and it is expected to an alternative method for identifying skin sensitization as a supplementary in safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredient.

Lens injury is an important etiological factor in the reduction of visual function following ocular trauma.Currently, there are no clear standards for the classification of lens injury, and comprehensive diagnostic tools are lacking.This deficiency leads to numerous controversies and challenges in critical areas, such as diagnosis and preoperative evalution, timing of surgery, surgical strategy, and assessment of postoperative prognosis.Tomographic imaging technology, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography, has introduced a new dimension to the evaluation of lens injury, which is crucial for assessing the transparency, texture, location, morphology, and integrity of the lens, as well as the zonules and nearby intraocular structures.However, the use of tomographic imaging technology is somewhat limited due to the limitations of relying on a single method.With the ongoing advancement of imaging technologies and the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence, tomographic imaging will become an increasingly essential tool in the future management of lens injury.Our expert group reviewed the epidemiological characteristics and classification of lens injury and the major challenges currently faced in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and provided expert recommendations mainly focusing on the application, shortcomings and limitations of current tomographic imaging technology in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and future development directions.

Lens injury is an important etiological factor in the reduction of visual function following ocular trauma.Currently, there are no clear standards for the classification of lens injury, and comprehensive diagnostic tools are lacking.This deficiency leads to numerous controversies and challenges in critical areas, such as diagnosis and preoperative evalution, timing of surgery, surgical strategy, and assessment of postoperative prognosis.Tomographic imaging technology, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography, has introduced a new dimension to the evaluation of lens injury, which is crucial for assessing the transparency, texture, location, morphology, and integrity of the lens, as well as the zonules and nearby intraocular structures.However, the use of tomographic imaging technology is somewhat limited due to the limitations of relying on a single method.With the ongoing advancement of imaging technologies and the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence, tomographic imaging will become an increasingly essential tool in the future management of lens injury.Our expert group reviewed the epidemiological characteristics and classification of lens injury and the major challenges currently faced in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and provided expert recommendations mainly focusing on the application, shortcomings and limitations of current tomographic imaging technology in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and future development directions.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with high-myopia macular hole retinal detachment (MHRD) combined with choroidal detachment and to preliminarily analyze factors associated with postoperative hole closure.Methods:A retrospective clinical case series study. A total of 68 patients with high myopia (68 eyes) with MHRD diagnosed by Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital from January 2019 to April 2024 were included in this study. Among them, there were 14 males (14 eyes) and 54 females (54 eyes). The mean age was (61.10±9.66) years. All eyes were treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with silicone oil or gas filling. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, and B-mode ultrasonography were performed. The BCVA test was performed using the Snellen visual acuity chart, which was statistically converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity. The range of choroidal detachment was defined according to the number of involved quadrants observed in B-mode ultrasound or surgery, which was divided into 1 to 4 quadrants. Axial length (AL) was measured under retinal reattachment. In 68 eyes, there were 17 eyes with choroidal detachment and 51 eyes without choroidal detachment, respectively. There were 17 eyes with choroidal detachment, and the detachment range involved 1, 2, 2 and 12 eyes in 1, 2, 3 and 4 quadrants, respectively. During operation, 13% C 3F 8 was filled in 2 eyes, all of which were not complicated with choroidal detachment. 66 eyes were filled with silicone oil. According to whether the patients were complicated with choroidal detachment, the patients were divided into the group without choroidal detachment and the group with choroidal detachment. Independent sample t test, Welch two-sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparison between groups. Generalized linear regression and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between the aperture size of postoperative unclosed holes and the closed hole after surgery and clinical factors. Results:At 3 months after surgery, the logMAR BCVA of the affected eye was 1.29±0.43, with a preoperative to postoperative difference ranging from -1.60 to 0.70 (-0.51±0.51) logMAR units. The AL ranged from 26.6 to 34.3 (29.60±2.12) mm. Among 68 eyes, macular hole of 37 (54.4%, 37/68) eyes were open and 31 (45.6%, 31/68) eyes were closed, respectively. The hole diameter of the open eye was (753±424) μm. There was no significant difference in age, course of disease and AL between the two groups ( W=412.0, 477.5, 427.0; P>0.05). Before operation, BCVA in patients with choroidal detachment was worse ( W=257.5) and intraocular pressure was lower ( t=4.051) in patients with choroidal detachment compared with those without choroidal detachment, with statistical significance ( P<0.05). At 3 months after surgery, BCVA in patients with choroidal detachment was significantly worse than that in patients without choroidal detachment, with statistical significance ( W=284.0, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in logMAR BCVA difference ( t=0.616) and macular hole closure rate ( χ 2=0.000) before and after surgery ( P>0.05). The reoperation rate of retinal detachment due to persistent or recurrent retinal detachment was significantly higher in the group with choroid detachment than in the group without choroid detachment, and the difference was statistically significant (odds ratio=6.424, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that young age was significantly correlated with macular hole closure failure after surgery ( β=0.077, P=0.015). There was no correlation between AL, duration of disease, BCVA before surgery, intraocular pressure, wether combined with choroid detachment range and postoperative hole closure ( β=-0.072, 0.000, 0.672, -0.085, -0.391; P>0.05). Conclusions:Concomitant choroidal detachment adversely affected on both pre-operative and post-operative visual acuity in high myopia MHRD. It is closely associated with the risk of recurrent retinal detachment and the needs of multiple operations, but has no significant effect on hole closure rate. Lower age of onset may be a risk factor for macular hole closure.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.