Purpose: The adjusted Global Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) Score (aGAPSS) was developed for assessing the probability of thrombotic events in APS patients. This study investigated whether the aGAPSS at diagnosis was associated with poor outcomes during follow-up in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Materials and Methods: This study included 170 AAV patients who had the results of APS-related antibodies at diagnosis but were not diagnosed with APS. All-cause mortality, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), cerebrovascular accident, and acute coronary syndrome were considered poor AAV outcomes. The aGAPSS comprises five items, with 5, 4, 4, 3, and 1 points assigned to anticardiolipin antibodies, anti-β2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies, lupus anticoagulants, hyperlipidaemia, and arterial hypertension at AAV diagnosis, respectively. Results: The median age of the 170 patients [93 microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), 44 granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), and 33 eosinophilic GPA (EGPA)] was 63.0 years. The optimal cut-off of the aGAPSS at diagnosis for ESKD during follow-up was set as two using the receiver operating characteristic curve. AAV patients with an aGAPSS ≥2 at diagnosis exhibited a significantly reduced ESKD-free survival rate compared to those with an aGAPSS <2 at diagnosis (p=0.045). Additionally, MPA and GPA patients, excluding EGPA patients for whom the median aGAPSS at diagnosis was close to 0, also showed similar patterns to the results among the 170 patients with AAV (p=0.021). Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate that the aGAPSS at diagnosis was significantly associated with ESKD during follow-up in AAV patients without APS.

Purpose: The immunological response and adverse effects of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) in patients receiving coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effects of these vaccines on AAV disease activity. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 52 patients with AAV who had received at least second doses of the COVID-19 vaccine and evaluated their immunogenicity by measuring the anti-spike (S) antibody (Ab) titer levels using the Roche Elecsys® immunoassay. Responses to the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) tool and 36-Item Short Form Survey before and after vaccination were obtained to assess AAV disease activity. Vaccine reactivity was measured using a standardized questionnaire. Results: We enrolled 52 patients with AAV. No differences were found between those who received second and third doses of vaccination in terms of AAV type, disease activity, vaccine type, or the use of immunosuppressive agents, including steroids. The median anti-S Ab titer was 3967.0 after third doses compared to 419.0 after second doses (p=0.001). Except for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), when immunosuppressants were administered in conjunction with steroids, the Ab titer was higher after the third vaccination than that after the second dose. The BVAS remained unchanged before and after second and third doses. No life-threatening adverse events were reported. Conclusion Although COVID-19 vaccine may not produce sufficient antibodies in patients taking MMF, the vaccine did not exacerbate disease activity or cause severe side effects. Therefore, COVID-19 vaccines should be considered in patients with AAV.

Background/Aims: This study applied the 2022 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (ACR/EULAR) criteria for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) to patients with Behçet’s disease (BD) to investigate the proportion and clinical implications of the reclassification to the overlap syndrome of BD and AAV (OS-BD-AAV). Methods: We included 280 BD patients presenting with ANCA positivity but without medical conditions mimicking AAV at diagnosis. Demographic data, items from the 2014 revised International Criteria for BD and 2022 American College of Rheumatology and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology criteria for AAV, ANCA positivity, and laboratory results were recorded as clinical data at diagnosis. A total score ≥ 5 indicated microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), whereas a total score ≥ 6 indicated a diagnosis of eosinophilic GPA (EGPA). Results: The overall reclassification rate of OS-BD-AAV was 8.6%. Of the 280 patients, 16 (5.7%) and 8 (2.9%) were reclassified as having OS-BD-MPA and OS-BD-GPA, respectively; none were classified as having OS-BD-EGPA. ANCA, myeloperoxidase-ANCA (P-ANCA), proteinase 3-ANCA (C-ANCA) positivity, hearing loss, and interstitial lung disease (ILD) at diagnosis were more common in patients with OS-BD-AAV than in those without. ANCA positivity and ILD at BD diagnosis contributed to the reclassification of OS-BD-AAV. However, hearing loss was not considered a major contributor to BD due to its possibility of developing as a manifestation of BD. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the reclassification rate (8.6%) of patients with BD and ANCA results at diagnosis as OS-BD-AAV.

Background/Aims: This study evaluated the clinical utility of serum periostin measured at diagnosis in reflecting activity at diagnosis and predicting all-cause mortality during follow-up in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). Methods: This study included 76 patients with AAV whose serum periostin was measured from sera collected and stored at diagnosis. The correlation of either serum periostin or the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) with other variables was evaluated. Cumulative survival rates were compared using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. The variables at diagnosis were compared between deceased and surviving patients. Hazard ratios were obtained by Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: The median age of the 76 patients was 64.0 years and 60.5% were female. The median BVAS and serum periostin were 5.0 and 10.9 ng/mL, respectively. Five of the 76 patients (6.6%) died. Serum periostin was independently correlated with cross-sectional BVAS, the Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI), white blood cell count, and serum albumin. Patients with serum periostin ≥ 15.9 ng/mL at diagnosis had a significantly lower cumulative survival rate than those without. In addition to high VDI, dyslipidaemia frequency, and C-reactive protein, deceased patients showed higher serum periostin than surviving patients. In multivariable Cox analysis, however, only dyslipidaemia rather than serum periostin was identified as an independent predictor of all-cause mortality. Conclusions This study is the first to demonstrate that serum periostin at diagnosis could independently reflect cross-sectional BVAS and further partially contribute to all-cause mortality prediction in patients with AAV.

Objective: To quantitatively analyze and compare the forces and moments generated by thermoformed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and direct-printed TC-85 clear aligners (CAs), with various margin designs, during premolar rotation. Methods: In total, 132 CAs were fabricated and divided into four groups (n = 33 per group). Group C consisted of thermoformed PETG aligners with a 2 mm gingival margin. Group E comprised direct-printed TC-85 aligners with equi-gingival margin, whereas Group G utilized direct-printed TC-85 aligners with 2 mm gingival margins.Finally, Group T featured direct-printed TC-85 aligners with an additional 1 mm thickness at the mesial embrasure. The forces and moments were measured using a 6-axis force/moment transducer at 2°, 3°, and 4° of rotation. All measurements were conducted at 37°C to simulate intraoral conditions. Forces were measured in the buccolingual, anteroposterior, and vertical directions, while moments were measured in the mesiodistal, buccolingual, and rotational planes. Results: The PETG aligners (Group C) showed significantly increased buccal and posterior force across the rotation angles (P < 0.05), whereas the intrusive force remained consistent. In contrast, the TC-85 aligners maintained consistent forces across all rotation angles.Direct-printed aligners demonstrated significantly lower intrusive forces than PETG aligners (P < 0.001). Group T exhibited reduced unwanted forces while maintaining effective rotational moments. Furthermore, all direct-printed aligners showed more predictable force delivery patterns than thermoformed aligners. Conclusions Direct-printed TC-85 aligners demonstrated superior force consistency and reduced unwanted side effects compared with traditional PETG aligners. Although marginal design modifications did not significantly improve rotational efficiency, they effectively reduced unwanted intrusive forces.

Purpose: The adjusted Global Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) Score (aGAPSS) was developed for assessing the probability of thrombotic events in APS patients. This study investigated whether the aGAPSS at diagnosis was associated with poor outcomes during follow-up in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Materials and Methods: This study included 170 AAV patients who had the results of APS-related antibodies at diagnosis but were not diagnosed with APS. All-cause mortality, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), cerebrovascular accident, and acute coronary syndrome were considered poor AAV outcomes. The aGAPSS comprises five items, with 5, 4, 4, 3, and 1 points assigned to anticardiolipin antibodies, anti-β2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies, lupus anticoagulants, hyperlipidaemia, and arterial hypertension at AAV diagnosis, respectively. Results: The median age of the 170 patients [93 microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), 44 granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), and 33 eosinophilic GPA (EGPA)] was 63.0 years. The optimal cut-off of the aGAPSS at diagnosis for ESKD during follow-up was set as two using the receiver operating characteristic curve. AAV patients with an aGAPSS ≥2 at diagnosis exhibited a significantly reduced ESKD-free survival rate compared to those with an aGAPSS <2 at diagnosis (p=0.045). Additionally, MPA and GPA patients, excluding EGPA patients for whom the median aGAPSS at diagnosis was close to 0, also showed similar patterns to the results among the 170 patients with AAV (p=0.021). Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate that the aGAPSS at diagnosis was significantly associated with ESKD during follow-up in AAV patients without APS.

Purpose: The immunological response and adverse effects of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) in patients receiving coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effects of these vaccines on AAV disease activity. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 52 patients with AAV who had received at least second doses of the COVID-19 vaccine and evaluated their immunogenicity by measuring the anti-spike (S) antibody (Ab) titer levels using the Roche Elecsys® immunoassay. Responses to the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) tool and 36-Item Short Form Survey before and after vaccination were obtained to assess AAV disease activity. Vaccine reactivity was measured using a standardized questionnaire. Results: We enrolled 52 patients with AAV. No differences were found between those who received second and third doses of vaccination in terms of AAV type, disease activity, vaccine type, or the use of immunosuppressive agents, including steroids. The median anti-S Ab titer was 3967.0 after third doses compared to 419.0 after second doses (p=0.001). Except for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), when immunosuppressants were administered in conjunction with steroids, the Ab titer was higher after the third vaccination than that after the second dose. The BVAS remained unchanged before and after second and third doses. No life-threatening adverse events were reported. Conclusion Although COVID-19 vaccine may not produce sufficient antibodies in patients taking MMF, the vaccine did not exacerbate disease activity or cause severe side effects. Therefore, COVID-19 vaccines should be considered in patients with AAV.

We describe the updated Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology (KSGO) practice guideline for the management of cervical cancer, version 5.1. The KSGO announced the fifth version of its clinical practice guidelines for the management of cervical cancer in March 2024. The selection of the key questions and the systematic reviews were based on data available up to December 2022. Between 2023 and 2024, substantial findings from large-scale clinical trials and new advancements in cervical cancer research remarkably emerged. Therefore, based on the existing version 5.0, we updated the guidelines with newly accumulated clinical data and added 4 new key questions reflecting the latest insights in the field of cervical cancer. For each question, recommendation was formulated with corresponding level of evidence and grade of recommendation, all established through expert consensus.

Background/Aims: This study applied the 2022 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (ACR/EULAR) criteria for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) to patients with Behçet’s disease (BD) to investigate the proportion and clinical implications of the reclassification to the overlap syndrome of BD and AAV (OS-BD-AAV). Methods: We included 280 BD patients presenting with ANCA positivity but without medical conditions mimicking AAV at diagnosis. Demographic data, items from the 2014 revised International Criteria for BD and 2022 American College of Rheumatology and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology criteria for AAV, ANCA positivity, and laboratory results were recorded as clinical data at diagnosis. A total score ≥ 5 indicated microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), whereas a total score ≥ 6 indicated a diagnosis of eosinophilic GPA (EGPA). Results: The overall reclassification rate of OS-BD-AAV was 8.6%. Of the 280 patients, 16 (5.7%) and 8 (2.9%) were reclassified as having OS-BD-MPA and OS-BD-GPA, respectively; none were classified as having OS-BD-EGPA. ANCA, myeloperoxidase-ANCA (P-ANCA), proteinase 3-ANCA (C-ANCA) positivity, hearing loss, and interstitial lung disease (ILD) at diagnosis were more common in patients with OS-BD-AAV than in those without. ANCA positivity and ILD at BD diagnosis contributed to the reclassification of OS-BD-AAV. However, hearing loss was not considered a major contributor to BD due to its possibility of developing as a manifestation of BD. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the reclassification rate (8.6%) of patients with BD and ANCA results at diagnosis as OS-BD-AAV.