In this paper, near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) was employed to analyze 129 batches of commercial products of Reduning Injection. The batch reporting rate was estimated according to the report of Reduning Injection in the direct adverse drug reaction(ADR) reporting system of the drug marketing authorization holder of the Center for Drug Reevaluation of the National Medical Products Administration(National Center for ADR Monitoring) from August 2021 to August 2022. According to the batch reporting rate, the samples of Reduning Injection were classified into those with potential risks and those being safe. No processing, random oversampling(ROS), random undersampling(RUS), and synthetic minority over-sampling technique(SMOTE) were then employed to balance the unbalanced data. After the samples were classified according to appropriate sampling methods, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS), successive projections algorithm(SPA), uninformative variables elimination(UVE), and genetic algorithm(GA) were respectively adopted to screen the features of spectral data. Then, support vector machine(SVM), logistic regression(LR), k-nearest neighbors(KNN), naive bayes(NB), random forest(RF), and artificial neural network(ANN) were adopted to establish the risk prediction models. The effects of the four feature extraction methods on the accuracy of the models were compared. The optimal method was selected, and bayesian optimization was performned to optimize the model parameters to improve the accuracy and robustness of model prediction. To explore the correlations between potential risks of clinical use and quality test data, TreeNet was employed to identify potential quality parameters affecting the clinical safety of Reduning Injection. The results showed that the models established with the SVM, LR, KNN, NB, RF, and ANN algorithms had the F1 scores of 0.85, 0.85, 0.86, 0.80, 0.88, and 0.85 and the accuracy of 88%, 88%, 88%, 85%, 91%, and 88%, respectively, and the prediction time was less than 5 s. The results indicated that the established models were accurate and efficient. Therefore, near infrared spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms can quickly predict the potential risks of clinical use of Reduning Injection in batches. Three key quality parameters that may affect clinical safety were identified by TreeNet, which provided a scientific basis for improving the safety standards of Reduning Injection.
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Machine Learning ; Algorithms ; Humans ; Quality Control

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia in the elderly. This study aimed to evaluate urban-rural disparities in its prevalence and management in elderly Chinese. METHODS: Consecutive participants aged ≥ 65 years attending outpatient clinics were enrolled for AF screening using handheld single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) from April 2017 to December 2022. Each ECG rhythm strip was reviewed from the research team. AF or uninterpretable single-lead ECGs were referred for 12-lead ECG. Primary study outcome comparison was between rural and urban areas for the prevalence of AF. The Student's t-test was used to compare mean values of clinical characteristics between rural and urban participants, while the Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare between-group proportions. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association between AF and various patient characteristics. RESULTS: The 29,166 study participants included 13,253 men (45.4%) and had a mean age of 72.2 years. The 7073 rural participants differed significantly (P ≤ 0.02) from the 22,093 urban participants in several major characteristics, such as older age, greater body mass index, and so on. The overall prevalence of AF was 4.6% (n = 1347). AF was more prevalent in 7073 rural participants than 22,093 urban participants (5.6% vs. 4.3%, P < 0.01), before and after adjustment for age, body mass index, blood pressure, pulse rate, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and prior medical history. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified overweight/obesity (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.17-1.54) in urban areas and cigarette smoking (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.20-2.17) and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.04-1.93) in rural areas as specific risk factors for prevalent AF. In patients with known AF in urban areas (n = 781) and rural areas (n = 338), 60.6% and 45.9%, respectively, received AF treatment (P < 0.01), and only 22.4% and 17.2%, respectively, received anticoagulation therapy (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In China, there are urban-rural disparities in AF in the elderly, with a higher prevalence and worse management in rural areas than urban areas. Our study findings provide insight for health policymakers to consider urban-rural disparity in the prevention and treatment of AF.

Hormesis effect has been observed in the secondary metabolite synthesis of microorganisms induced by rare earth elements. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. To analyze the molecular mechanism of the regulatory effect of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa in the presence of lanthanum chloride, different concentrations of lanthanum chloride were added to the fermentation medium of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and the carotenoid content was subsequently measured. It was found that the concentrations of La³⁺ exerting the promotional and inhibitory effects were 0-100 mg/L and 100-400 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of 33 genes and the synthesis of 55 metabolites were observed to be up-regulated, while the expression of 85 genes and the synthesis of 123 metabolites were found to be down-regulated at the concentration range of the promotional effect. Notably, the expression of carotenoid synthesis-related genes except AL1 was up-regulated. Additionally, the content of β-carotene, lycopene, and astaxanthin demonstrated increases of 10.74%, 5.02%, and 3.22%, respectively. The expression of 5 genes and the synthesis of 91 metabolites were up-regulated, while the expression of 35 genes and the synthesis of 138 metabolites were down-regulated at the concentration range of the inhibitory effect. Meanwhile, the content of β-carotene, lycopene, and astaxanthin decreased by 21.73%, 34.81%, and 35.51%, respectively. In summary, appropriate concentrations of rare earth ions can regulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites by modulating the activities of various enzymes involved in metabolic pathways, thereby exerting the hormesis effect. The findings of this study not only contribute to our comprehension for the mechanism of rare earth elements in organisms but also offer a promising avenue for the utilization of rare earth elements in diverse fields, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare.
Lanthanum/pharmacology* ; Rhodotorula/genetics* ; Carotenoids/metabolism* ; Hormesis/drug effects* ; Fermentation ; Multiomics

Objective To investigate the application value of energy spectral CT low energy(keV)targeted reconstruction tech-niques combined with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-Veo(ASIR-V)algorithm in lower extremity computed tomography venography(CTV).Methods Forty patients with lower extremity CTV examination were retrospectively selected.Gemstone spec-tral imaging(GSI)mode was used with a transient tube voltage of 80 kVp/140 kVp and tube current in GSI Assist mode.Group A(conventional group):70 keV combined with 40％ASIR-V mono-energy images,conventional display field of view(DFOV)inclu-ding both lower extremity.Group B(low keV group):50 keV combined with 50％ASIR-V mono-energy images,DFOV as in group A.Group C(low keV targeted reconstruction group):50 keV combined with 50％to 80％ASIR-V mono-energy images(10％interval,called as groups C1-C4),targeted reconstruction(small DFOV,covered one lower extremity with left and right femurs as the center).The CT and standard deviation(SD)values of the bilateral lower extremity veins were measured on each axial image and the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)were calculated.Two observers scored the venous images and the sharpness of embolus display subjectively using a 5-point scale and Kappa test was used to examine the consistency.Results In terms of vein dis-play,the score of groups B and C was better than that of group A(P＜0.05).In terms of embolus display sharpness,the scores of large and small embolus in group C increased with the increase of ASIR-V percentage initially and then gradually decreased(P＜0.05).The scores in group C2 were the highest which were superior to the scores of group B and group A(P＜0.05).The CT values of each venous segment in groups B and C were higher than those in group A(P＜0.05).In groups C1 to C4,with the increasing weight of ASIR-V,the SNR and CNR increased gradually(P＜0.05),but slightly lower than those in group B(P＜0.05).Conclusion 50 keV targeted reconstruction techniques combined with 60％ASIR-V algorithm significantly improves the contrast of lower extremity veins and the embolus display sharpness,providing more accurate clinical imaging information.

Objective To investigate the application value of spectral computed tomography venography(CTV)in the display and staging of deep venous thrombosis(DVT)in the lower extremity.Methods Eighty-two patients with CTV were selected and ran-domly divided into group A(42 patients)and group B(40 patients).Group A:tube voltage 120 kVp.Group B:gemstone spectral ima-ging(GSI)mode,reconstruction of 50 keV and iodine(water)maps.The CT and standard deviation(SD)values of the veins were measured,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)were calculated in 120 kVp images of group A and in 50 keV images of group B.Two observers scored the image quality of the 2 groups subjectively,and Kappa test was used to examine the con-sistency.Based on the duration from the occurrence of clinical symptoms,the DVTs were classified.The CT values and iodine con-centration(IC)of DVT were measured in the 120 kVp images of group A and in the iodine(water)maps of group B,respectively.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to compare the effectiveness of CT values and IC in diagnosing DVT staging.Results CT values,SNR,and CNR of veins in group B were higher than those in group A(P<0.05).The subjective scores of the two groups were consistent(Kappa=0.926-0.955,P<0.05).The score for the display of veins and thrombus clarity in group B was 5(4,5),which was better than the score of 4(3,4)in group A(P<0.05).The efficiency of IC in diagnosing DVT staging[area under the curve(AUC)=0.973]was better than that of CT values(AUC=0.891).Conclusion The spectral CTV can improve the contrast of lower extremity deep veins and the clarity of thrombus,and can provide more objective indicators for the diagnosis of thrombus staging,which is conducive to accurate clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) is widely distributed in various organisms. The first reported ENGase activity was detected in Diplococcus pneumoniae in 1971. The protein (Endo D) was purified and its peptide sequence was determined in 1974. Three ENGases (Endo F1-F3) were discovered in Flavobacterium meningosepticum from 1982 to 1993. After that, the activity was detected from different species of bacteria, yeast, fungal, plant, mice, human, etc. Multiple ENGases were detected in some species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Trichoderma atroviride. The first preliminary crystallographic analysis of ENGase was conducted in 1994. But to date, only a few ENGases structures have been obtained, and the structure of human ENGase is still missing. The currently identified ENGases were distributed in the GH18 or GH85 families in Carbohydrate-Active enZyme (CAZy) database. GH18 ENGase only has hydrolytic activity, but GH85 ENGase has both hydrolytic and transglycosylation activity. Although ENGases of the two families have similar (β/α)8-TIM barrel structures, the active sites are slightly different. ENGase is an effective tool for glycan detection andglycan editing. Biochemically, ENGase can specifically hydrolyze β‑1,4 glycosidic bond between the twoN-acetylglucosamines (GlcNAc) on core pentasaccharide presented on glycopeptides and/or glycoproteins. Different ENGases may have different substrate specificity. The hydrolysis products are oligosaccharide chains and a GlcNAc or glycopeptides or glycoproteins with a GlcNAc. Conditionally, it can use the two products to produce a new glycopeptides or glycoprotein. Although ENGase is a common presentation in cell, its biological function remains unclear. Accumulated evidences demonstrated that ENGase is a none essential gene for living and a key regulator for differentiation. No ENGase gene was detected in the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three other yeast species. Its expression was extremely low in lung. As glycoproteins are not produced by prokaryotic cells, a role for nutrition and/or microbial-host interaction was predicted for bacterium produced enzymes. In the embryonic lethality phenotype of the Ngly1-deficient mice can be partially rescued by Engase knockout, suggesting down regulation of Engase might be a solution for stress induced adaptation. Potential impacts of ENGase regulation on health and disease were presented. Rabeprazole, a drug used for stomach pain as a proton inhibitor, was identified as an inhibitor for ENGase. ENGases have been applied in vitro to produce antibodies with a designated glycan. The two step reactions were achieved by a pair of ENGase dominated for hydrolysis of substrate glycoprotein and synthesis of new glycoprotein with a free glycan of designed structure, respectively. In addition, ENGase was also been used in cell surface glycan editing. New application scenarios and new detection methods for glycobiological engineering are quickly opened up by the two functions of ENGase, especially in antibody remodeling and antibody drug conjugates. The discovery, distribution, structure property, enzymatic characteristics and recent researches in topical model organisms of ENGase were reviewed in this paper. Possible biological functions and mechanisms of ENGase, including differentiation, digestion of glycoproteins for nutrition and stress responding were hypothesised. In addition, the role of ENGase in glycan editing and synthetic biology was discussed. We hope this paper may provide insights for ENGase research and lay a solid foundation for applied and translational glycomics.

Protein as the allergens could lead to allergy. In addition, a widespread class of allergens were known as glycans of N-glycoprotein. N-glycoprotein contained oligosaccharide linked by covalent bonds with protein. Recently,studies implicated that allergy was associated with glycans of heterologous N-glycoprotein found in food, inhalants, insect toxins, etc. The N-glycan structure of N-glycoprotein allergen has exerted an influence on the binding between allergens and IgE, while the recognition and presentation of allergens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were also affected. Some researches showed thatN-glycan structure of allergen was remodeled by N-glycosidase, such as cFase I, gpcXylase, as binding of allergen and IgE partly decreased. Thus, allergic problems caused by N-glycoproteins could potentially be solved by modifying or altering the structure ofN-glycoprotein allergens, addressing the root of the issue. Mechanism of N-glycans associated allergy could also be elaborated through glycosylation enzymes, alterations of host glycosylation. This article hopes to provide a separate insight for glycoimmunology perspective, and an alternative strategy for clinical prevention or therapy of allergic diseases.

BACKGROUND:At present,the use of a locking bone plate combined with steel wire or steel cable for the treatment of periprosthetic femoral fracture often adopts monocortical fixation,which is not stable and the proximal end of the bone cannot be achieved anatomically fitted by plate.The customized anatomical plate system can effectively solve this problem. OBJECTIVE:To explore the biomechanical strength of a customized anatomical plate system in fixation of Vancouver BI periprosthetic femoral fracture. METHODS:CT thin layer scanning data of normal femurs of 1 006 cases were selected and input into the MIMICS 21.0 software to establish the three-dimensional reconstruction model of the femur,which was set as the three-dimensional reconstruction group.56 complete human femoral specimens were selected as the femoral specimen group.The measured results of the two groups for femoral anatomical appearance were compared.If there was no significant difference between the two groups,the approximate appearance of a customized anatomical plate system was designed based on the measurement results in MIMICS 21.0 software and NX11.0 software.The customized anatomical plate system was designed and prepared according to the above measurement results.Eight pairs of frozen human femurs were selected to make Vancouver BI periprosthetic femoral fracture,which of the left were thin layer scanned by dual-source CT to obtain data.The data were transferred to determine the customized anatomical plate system model by the above design software.Eight sets of customized anatomical plate systems were ultimately produced,relying on the instrument company.The eight pairs of models were numbered 1-8.The left side was fixed with the customized anatomical plate system(customized anatomical plate system group);the right side was fixed with a metal locking plate system-large locking plate(claw plate group).L1-L4 and R1-R4 were subjected to vertical short-cycle loading test and vertical loading test.L5-L8 and R5-R8 were subjected to horizontal short-cycle loading test and four-point bending test.The vertical loading test and four-point bending test were used to collect bending load,bending displacement,and bending strain.Two short cycle loading tests were used to collect strain displacement to compare the maximum load,maximum displacement,bending stiffness,and short-period displacement resistance of the two kinds of bone plates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)There were no significant differences in all indexes between the three-dimensional reconstruction group and the femoral specimen group(P>0.05).Individual customized anatomical plate system was designed based on the measurement results combined with digital software.(2)In the vertical loading test,the maximum load was higher(P=0.015),the maximum bending displacement was smaller(P=0.014),and the bending stiffness was higher(P=0.005)in the customized anatomical plate system group compared with the claw plate group.(3)In the four-point bending test,the maximum load was higher(P=0.023),the bending stiffness was higher(P=0.005),and the maximum bending displacement was not significant(P=0.216>0.05)in the customized anatomical plate system group compared with the claw plate group.(4)In the vertical short-cycle loading test,the average level of bending displacement in the customized anatomical plate system group(0.23±0.10 mm)was significantly lower than that in the claw plate group(0.44±0.02 mm)(P<0.05).(5)There was no significant difference in the average level of bending displacement between the two groups in the horizontal short cycle loading test(P>0.05).(6)It is concluded that the customized anatomical plate system has personalized anatomical characteristics,and the fixation of Vancouver BI periprosthetic femoral fracture is more stable,which has certain significance for clinical treatment.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacies of video-assisted thoracoscopic segmentectomy versus lobectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.Methods The clinical data of 234 patients with stage ⅠA non-small cell lung cancer and undergoing different surgical methods under video-assisted thoracoscopy admitted to Chongqing Dianjiang General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed,and the patients were divided into the lung segment group and the lung lobe group according to their surgical methods.The clinical characteristics of the patients in the two groups were balanced by a 1-to-1 ratio matching through the propensity score matching method,and each group finally included 63 cases.The perioperative indicators containing operation time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative thoracic drainage tube indwelling time,thoracic drainage volumes 24 hours and 48 hours after operation and postoperative hospital stay were compared of patients between the two groups.The incidence of postoperative complications such as air leakage>6 days,pulmonary infection,atelectasis,hemoptysis,and hoarseness in the two groups was collected.Results There was no significant difference in the operation time,intraoperative blood loss,thoracic drainage volumes 24 hours and 48 hours after operation,postoperative thoracic drainage tube indwelling time or incidence of postoperative complications of patients between the two groups(P>0.05).The postoperative hospital stay of patients in the lung segment group was shorter than that in the lung lobe group,with statistically significant difference(P=0.003).Conclusion For patients with stage ⅠA non-small cell lung cancer,video-assisted thoracoscopic segmentectomy has similar perioperative efficacy to lobectomy,while segmentectomy has a more significant advantage in shortening the hospital stay.

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to rapidly identify the chemical components in Dracocephalum moldavica, and UPLC was employed to determine the content of its main components. MS analysis was performed using an electrospray ionization(ESI) source and data were collected in the negative ion mode. By comparing the retention time and mass spectra of reference compounds, and using a self-built compound database and the PubChem database, 68 compounds were identified from D. moldavica, including 36 flavonoids, 22 phenylpropanoids, 4 phenols, and 6 other compounds. On this basis, a UPLC quantitative method was established to simultaneously determine 8 main components, i.e., luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, rosmarinic acid, diosmetin-7-O-glucuronide, tilianin, acacetin-7-O-glucuronide, acacetin-7-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside, and acacetin. A Waters ACQUITY BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) was used, with acetonitrile and a water solution containing 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% phosphoric acid as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The detection wavelength was set at 330 nm, with a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min~(-1), and the column temperature was maintained at 35 ℃. The 8 components demonstrated good linearity(r≥0.999 9) over a wide mass concentration range(50 or 100 times). The average recovery rate ranged from 97.5% to 105.1%, and the relative standard deviations(RSDs) were 0.90% to 3.4%(n= 6), indicating that the method was simple, accurate, and reliable. In 17 batches of D. moldavica samples, the content of these 8 components ranged from 0.405 to 2.10, 0.063 to 0.342, 0.446 to 2.43, 0.415 to 1.47, 1.57 to 4.34, 0.173 to 0.386, 1.00 to 5.40, and 0.069 to 0.207 mg·g~(-1), respectively. These results indicate significant differences in the internal quality of the samples, highlighting the need for strict quality control to ensure their pharmacodynamic efficacy. This study provides a scientific basis for the rapid discovery of pharmacodynamic substances, comprehensive quality control, and the formulation or revision of quality standards for D. moldavica.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Lamiaceae/chemistry* ; Flavonoids/chemistry*