Objective:To investigate the pollution status of legionella pneumophila of industrial circulating cooling towers, and explore the factors affecting the positive rate and quantity of legionella pneumophila, in order to provide data support for the risk assessment and hierarchical management of legionella pneumophila in workplaces.Methods:In February, May, August and October 2023, the cooling water samples were collected from a total of 20 industrial circulating cooling towers of 9 enterprises in an industrial park in Shanghai. The water temperature, free residual chlorine, total residual chlorine, turbidity, chroma, pH, conductivity, chemical oxygen consumption, iron content and total plate count in the water samples were detected. Meanwhile, the legionella pneumophila in the water samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, and the influence of water quality indexes on the positive rate and number of legionella pneumophila detected was analyzed by logistic regression and linear regression respectively.Results:The positive rates of legionella pneumophila in the first to fourth quarters of 20 industrial circulating cooling towers of 9 chemical enterprises were 35% (7/20), 45% (9/20), 45% (9/20), and 85% (17/20). The serotypes of legionella pneumophila detected in the cooling tower were mainly legionella pneumophila type 1 (95.2%, 40/42), and the number of legionella pneumophila ranged from 0.2 to 316.8 cfu/ml. Circulating cooling water temperature ( OR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.12-1.64, P=0.001) and conductivity ( OR=1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03, P=0.026) were independent risk factors affecting the detection of legionella pneumophila. There was a positive correlation between chemical oxygen consumption and the detected amount of legionella pneumophila ( β=8.08, P=0.002) . Conclusion:The positive rate of legionella pneumophila in industrial circulating cooling water system is high, and the detected quantity fluctuates greatly, which may have health risks, suggesting that it is necessary to pay attention to the water quality management such as water temperature, conductivity and chemical oxygen consumption of industrial circulating cooling water and the monitoring and control of legionella pneumophila.

The Guidelines for Occupational Hazard Assessment and Control of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient in the Pharmaceutical Industry (T/WSJD 60—2024) is the first guiding standard in the field of health in China that focuses on occupational health protection for active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). It covers the general principles, work procedures, assessment methods, and control strategies for API occupational hazard assessment, providing practical guidance and recommendations for pharmaceutical enterprises to eliminate or reduce occupational health risks associated with API, improve working environment, and enhance refined management practices. This article interpreted and analyzed the background of standard establishment, formulation process, fundamental basis, and main content, to provide scientific and comprehensive technical support for occupational health managers in the pharmaceutical industry to better apply this standard.

Blood from a case of group B epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis identified in February 2024 in Ganzhou City,Jiangxi Province,and throat swabs from close contacts were collected for isolation and culture.The isolates were subjected to serogrouping,drug sensitivity testing,and whole genome sequencing and analysis,to provide a basis for epidemiological inves-tigation and clinical drug use.One strain of Neisseria meningitidis was isolated from the blood of the case and denoted group B.The MLST type was ST-7962,with no clonal group attribution.The phylogenetic tree showed that it was genetically close to the 1977 Shanghai carrier isolate(id-52231).Drug sensitivity results indicated that the strain was sensitive to 8 drugs:azithro-mycin,cefotaxime,minocycline,ceftriaxone,chloramphenicol,meropenem,rifampicin,and benzylpenicillin;resistant to cot-rimoxazole,levofloxacin,and ciprofloxacin;and showed an intermediate response to penicillin.This report describes the first case of ST-7962 group B meningoencephalitis found in Jiangxi Province.Monitoring of Neisseria meningitidis carriage,drug re-sistance,and molecular characteristics of strains in the healthy population in this region should be strengthened,to provide la-boratory support for the clinical use of medications,traceability,and control of the pathogen underlying meningoencephalitis infection.

Blood from a case of group B epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis identified in February 2024 in Ganzhou City,Jiangxi Province,and throat swabs from close contacts were collected for isolation and culture.The isolates were subjected to serogrouping,drug sensitivity testing,and whole genome sequencing and analysis,to provide a basis for epidemiological inves-tigation and clinical drug use.One strain of Neisseria meningitidis was isolated from the blood of the case and denoted group B.The MLST type was ST-7962,with no clonal group attribution.The phylogenetic tree showed that it was genetically close to the 1977 Shanghai carrier isolate(id-52231).Drug sensitivity results indicated that the strain was sensitive to 8 drugs:azithro-mycin,cefotaxime,minocycline,ceftriaxone,chloramphenicol,meropenem,rifampicin,and benzylpenicillin;resistant to cot-rimoxazole,levofloxacin,and ciprofloxacin;and showed an intermediate response to penicillin.This report describes the first case of ST-7962 group B meningoencephalitis found in Jiangxi Province.Monitoring of Neisseria meningitidis carriage,drug re-sistance,and molecular characteristics of strains in the healthy population in this region should be strengthened,to provide la-boratory support for the clinical use of medications,traceability,and control of the pathogen underlying meningoencephalitis infection.

Objective:To investigate the pollution status of legionella pneumophila of industrial circulating cooling towers, and explore the factors affecting the positive rate and quantity of legionella pneumophila, in order to provide data support for the risk assessment and hierarchical management of legionella pneumophila in workplaces.Methods:In February, May, August and October 2023, the cooling water samples were collected from a total of 20 industrial circulating cooling towers of 9 enterprises in an industrial park in Shanghai. The water temperature, free residual chlorine, total residual chlorine, turbidity, chroma, pH, conductivity, chemical oxygen consumption, iron content and total plate count in the water samples were detected. Meanwhile, the legionella pneumophila in the water samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, and the influence of water quality indexes on the positive rate and number of legionella pneumophila detected was analyzed by logistic regression and linear regression respectively.Results:The positive rates of legionella pneumophila in the first to fourth quarters of 20 industrial circulating cooling towers of 9 chemical enterprises were 35% (7/20), 45% (9/20), 45% (9/20), and 85% (17/20). The serotypes of legionella pneumophila detected in the cooling tower were mainly legionella pneumophila type 1 (95.2%, 40/42), and the number of legionella pneumophila ranged from 0.2 to 316.8 cfu/ml. Circulating cooling water temperature ( OR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.12-1.64, P=0.001) and conductivity ( OR=1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03, P=0.026) were independent risk factors affecting the detection of legionella pneumophila. There was a positive correlation between chemical oxygen consumption and the detected amount of legionella pneumophila ( β=8.08, P=0.002) . Conclusion:The positive rate of legionella pneumophila in industrial circulating cooling water system is high, and the detected quantity fluctuates greatly, which may have health risks, suggesting that it is necessary to pay attention to the water quality management such as water temperature, conductivity and chemical oxygen consumption of industrial circulating cooling water and the monitoring and control of legionella pneumophila.

Viral load and the duration of viral shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are important determinants of the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019.In this study, we examined the effects of viral doses on the lung and spleen of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice by temporal histological and transcriptional analyses. Approximately, 1×105 plaque-forming units (PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 induced strong host responses in the lungs from 2 days post inoculation (dpi) which did not recover until the mice died, whereas responses to the virus were obvious at 5 days, recovering to the basal state by 14 dpi at 1×102 PFU. Further, flow cytometry showed that number of CD8+ T cells continuously increased in 1×102 PFU-virusinfected lungs from 2 dpi, but not in 1×105 PFU-virus-infected lungs. In spleens, responses to the virus were prominent from 2 dpi, and number of B cells was significantly decreased at 1×105PFU; however, 1×102 PFU of virus induced very weak responses from 2 dpi which recovered by 10 dpi. Although the defense responses returned to normal and the mice survived, lung histology showed evidence of fibrosis, suggesting sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings indicate that specific effectors of the immune response in the lung and spleen were either increased or depleted in response to doses of SARS-CoV-2. This study demonstrated that the response of local and systemic immune effectors to a viral infection varies with viral dose, which either exacerbates the severity of the infection or accelerates its elimination.

Objective:To explore the bioaccessibility of the main metal components in welding fume welding fume in simulated lung fluid, and to evaluate the exposure level of each metal component in combination with the EPA inhalation exposure risk assessment model.Methods:In November 2022, the microscopic morphology characteristics of welding fumes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, the bioaccessibility of each metal component in lung fluid simulated normal and lung inflammatory states was analyzed by in vitro simulation method, and the exposure level of each metal component was calculated in combination with the EPA inhalation exposure risk assessment model.Results:The main metal components in carbon dioxide gas shielded welding fumes were Fe, Mn, Zn, Ti, Al, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni and As, and the bioaccessibility in simulated normal lung interstitial fluid was 0.82%-1.84%, 5.07%-9.41%, 4.52%-7.23%, 5.10%-8.67%, 20.48%-29.60%, 5.27%-9.83%, 4.80%-7.56%, 0.07%-1.08%, 6.48%-13.84% and 33.02%-42.81%. The bioaccessibility of the above metal components in the lung fluid under simulated lung inflammation was 14.79%-27.45%, 34.53%-46.11%, 35.31%-59.13%, 16.45%-22.51%, 60.78%-76.51%, 26.58%-34.12%, 15.32%-25.87%, 2.0%-5.7%, 34.77%-43.33% and 71.34%-88.36%, respectively. Compared with the simulated lurg interstitial fluid, the bioaccessibility of metal components in the lung fluid under the simulated inflammatory state was increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The average daily exposure dose Mn in the two simulated lung fluids exceeded the inhalation reference limit (>50 times), and the average daily exposure dose Ti and Cr in the simulated lung inflammation exceeded the reference limit (>1.3 times) . Conclusion:Attention should be paid to the bioaccessibility characteristics of metal components in the exposure level and hazard assessment of welding fumes.