Octapeptin has strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, while it also has activity against some Gram-positive bacteria. This study used natural octapeptin A3 and B3 as lead compounds for structural modification. Twenty-one peptide derivatives (including A3 and B3) containing eight amino acid residues were prepared by solid-phase synthesis, and evaluated for antibacterial activity and renal cytotoxicity. Among them, three compounds 6, 7 and 17 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and significantly enhanced the activity for Gram-positive bacteria while maintaining the activity of Gram-negative bacteria. Several compounds improved the activity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compound 7 was active against all test strains and had relatively low renal cytotoxicity. The results provide a basis for the further development of novel polypeptide antibiotics.

Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) is widely distributed in various organisms. The first reported ENGase activity was detected in Diplococcus pneumoniae in 1971. The protein (Endo D) was purified and its peptide sequence was determined in 1974. Three ENGases (Endo F1-F3) were discovered in Flavobacterium meningosepticum from 1982 to 1993. After that, the activity was detected from different species of bacteria, yeast, fungal, plant, mice, human, etc. Multiple ENGases were detected in some species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Trichoderma atroviride. The first preliminary crystallographic analysis of ENGase was conducted in 1994. But to date, only a few ENGases structures have been obtained, and the structure of human ENGase is still missing. The currently identified ENGases were distributed in the GH18 or GH85 families in Carbohydrate-Active enZyme (CAZy) database. GH18 ENGase only has hydrolytic activity, but GH85 ENGase has both hydrolytic and transglycosylation activity. Although ENGases of the two families have similar (β/α)8-TIM barrel structures, the active sites are slightly different. ENGase is an effective tool for glycan detection andglycan editing. Biochemically, ENGase can specifically hydrolyze β‑1,4 glycosidic bond between the twoN-acetylglucosamines (GlcNAc) on core pentasaccharide presented on glycopeptides and/or glycoproteins. Different ENGases may have different substrate specificity. The hydrolysis products are oligosaccharide chains and a GlcNAc or glycopeptides or glycoproteins with a GlcNAc. Conditionally, it can use the two products to produce a new glycopeptides or glycoprotein. Although ENGase is a common presentation in cell, its biological function remains unclear. Accumulated evidences demonstrated that ENGase is a none essential gene for living and a key regulator for differentiation. No ENGase gene was detected in the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three other yeast species. Its expression was extremely low in lung. As glycoproteins are not produced by prokaryotic cells, a role for nutrition and/or microbial-host interaction was predicted for bacterium produced enzymes. In the embryonic lethality phenotype of the Ngly1-deficient mice can be partially rescued by Engase knockout, suggesting down regulation of Engase might be a solution for stress induced adaptation. Potential impacts of ENGase regulation on health and disease were presented. Rabeprazole, a drug used for stomach pain as a proton inhibitor, was identified as an inhibitor for ENGase. ENGases have been applied in vitro to produce antibodies with a designated glycan. The two step reactions were achieved by a pair of ENGase dominated for hydrolysis of substrate glycoprotein and synthesis of new glycoprotein with a free glycan of designed structure, respectively. In addition, ENGase was also been used in cell surface glycan editing. New application scenarios and new detection methods for glycobiological engineering are quickly opened up by the two functions of ENGase, especially in antibody remodeling and antibody drug conjugates. The discovery, distribution, structure property, enzymatic characteristics and recent researches in topical model organisms of ENGase were reviewed in this paper. Possible biological functions and mechanisms of ENGase, including differentiation, digestion of glycoproteins for nutrition and stress responding were hypothesised. In addition, the role of ENGase in glycan editing and synthetic biology was discussed. We hope this paper may provide insights for ENGase research and lay a solid foundation for applied and translational glycomics.

A high-throughput three-dimensional (3D) hepatocyte culture model is constructed in this study. It is capable of replicating the 3D in vivo environment and offers the advantages of high throughput, enhanced reproducibility, low cost, and simplified operation, rendering a valuable tool for hepatotoxicity screening of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). First, we constructed the 3D high throughput liver chip model using collagen hydrogel. The precision and its difference with traditional cell culture plates were assessed using acetaminophen, Tripterygium hypoglaucum, and Qili San as the references. The feasibility of this model was also investigated by comparing the hepatotoxicity among four batches of T. hypoglaucum and Qili San. The methodology verification shows that the 3D hepatocyte model is better than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture model in precision and feasibility. Subsequently, we compared the hepatotoxicity of different samples over a period of three or seven days and found that the hepatotoxicity of TCM extracts increased over time. Finally, we compared the hepatotoxicity of T. hypoglaucum and its compound formula Kunxian capsule under equivalent concentration. The results showed that the compound Kunxian capsule could significantly reduce hepatotoxicity of T. hypoglaucum. Generally, we constructed a high-throughput, robust 3D liver-on-a-chip model with the potential of rapid assessing TCM-induced liver toxicity.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of the development and allocation of medical and health resources in Liaoning Province,and provide references and guidance for relevant departments to optimize and balance the allocation of medical resources.Methods:Based on data from the Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics,a comparative analysis was conducted on the development and allocation of medical resources in Liaoning Province from the dimensions of time and geography.Indicators such as Lorentz curve,Gini coefficient,and health resource density index were used to quantitatively evaluate the equity of medical and health resource allocation and distribution in Liaoning Province.Results:The allocation level of medical resources in central cities is relatively high,while the northwest region of the province is relatively weak.Conclusion:In recent years,the allocation of medical resources in various regions of the province has been improved,but differences still exist.These differences can be gradually reduced through policy guidance,introduction of information technology,and strengthening of human resource construction.