The creation of self-organizing liver organoids represents a significant, although modest, step toward addressing the ongoing organ shortage crisis in allogeneic liver transplantation. However, researchers have recognized that achieving a fully functional whole liver remains a distant goal, and the original ambition of organoid-based liver generation has been temporarily put on hold. Instead, liver organoids have revolutionized the field of hepatology, extending their influence into various domains of precision and molecular medicine. These 3D cultures, capable of replicating key features of human liver function and pathology, have opened new avenues for human-relevant disease modeling, CRISPR gene editing, and high-throughput drug screening that animal models cannot accomplish. Moreover, advancements in creating more complex systems have led to the development of multicellular assembloids, dynamic organoid-on-chip systems, and 3D bioprinting technologies. These innovations enable detailed modeling of liver microenvironments and complex tissue interactions. Progress in regenerative medicine and transplantation applications continues to evolve and strives to overcome the obstacles of biocompatibility and tumorigenecity. In this review, we examine the current state of liver organoid research by offering insights into where the field currently stands, and the pivotal developments that are shaping its future.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent among elderly patients, and as the global population ages, the number of elderly patients with CKD is increasing. Elderly patients require additional considerations beyond those required for their younger counterparts, such as comorbidities, frailty, and geriatric syndromes. In this review, we primarily focus on these additional considerations specific to elderly patients and discuss the assessment of CKD and its management strategies, including blood pressure and glycemic control; dyslipidemia, anemia, and electrolyte and metabolic acidosis management; and medication dosage, among others, as well as polypharmacy and nonpharmacological management. Furthermore, the concept of conservative kidney management and the practical recommendations of the Korean Society of Geriatric Nephrology for elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis therapy are discussed. In particular, the aging rate in Korea is exceptionally high; therefore, it is crucial to pay more attention to the increase in elderly patients with CKD. A more palliative approach, rather than intensive treatment strategies, may be necessary for these patients. In a world with an abundance of information, shared decision-making with patients is of great importance, and it is essential to keep in mind that this holds true for elderly patients as well.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent among elderly patients, and as the global population ages, the number of elderly patients with CKD is increasing. Elderly patients require additional considerations beyond those required for their younger counterparts, such as comorbidities, frailty, and geriatric syndromes. In this review, we primarily focus on these additional considerations specific to elderly patients and discuss the assessment of CKD and its management strategies, including blood pressure and glycemic control; dyslipidemia, anemia, and electrolyte and metabolic acidosis management; and medication dosage, among others, as well as polypharmacy and nonpharmacological management. Furthermore, the concept of conservative kidney management and the practical recommendations of the Korean Society of Geriatric Nephrology for elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis therapy are discussed. In particular, the aging rate in Korea is exceptionally high; therefore, it is crucial to pay more attention to the increase in elderly patients with CKD. A more palliative approach, rather than intensive treatment strategies, may be necessary for these patients. In a world with an abundance of information, shared decision-making with patients is of great importance, and it is essential to keep in mind that this holds true for elderly patients as well.

The creation of self-organizing liver organoids represents a significant, although modest, step toward addressing the ongoing organ shortage crisis in allogeneic liver transplantation. However, researchers have recognized that achieving a fully functional whole liver remains a distant goal, and the original ambition of organoid-based liver generation has been temporarily put on hold. Instead, liver organoids have revolutionized the field of hepatology, extending their influence into various domains of precision and molecular medicine. These 3D cultures, capable of replicating key features of human liver function and pathology, have opened new avenues for human-relevant disease modeling, CRISPR gene editing, and high-throughput drug screening that animal models cannot accomplish. Moreover, advancements in creating more complex systems have led to the development of multicellular assembloids, dynamic organoid-on-chip systems, and 3D bioprinting technologies. These innovations enable detailed modeling of liver microenvironments and complex tissue interactions. Progress in regenerative medicine and transplantation applications continues to evolve and strives to overcome the obstacles of biocompatibility and tumorigenecity. In this review, we examine the current state of liver organoid research by offering insights into where the field currently stands, and the pivotal developments that are shaping its future.

The creation of self-organizing liver organoids represents a significant, although modest, step toward addressing the ongoing organ shortage crisis in allogeneic liver transplantation. However, researchers have recognized that achieving a fully functional whole liver remains a distant goal, and the original ambition of organoid-based liver generation has been temporarily put on hold. Instead, liver organoids have revolutionized the field of hepatology, extending their influence into various domains of precision and molecular medicine. These 3D cultures, capable of replicating key features of human liver function and pathology, have opened new avenues for human-relevant disease modeling, CRISPR gene editing, and high-throughput drug screening that animal models cannot accomplish. Moreover, advancements in creating more complex systems have led to the development of multicellular assembloids, dynamic organoid-on-chip systems, and 3D bioprinting technologies. These innovations enable detailed modeling of liver microenvironments and complex tissue interactions. Progress in regenerative medicine and transplantation applications continues to evolve and strives to overcome the obstacles of biocompatibility and tumorigenecity. In this review, we examine the current state of liver organoid research by offering insights into where the field currently stands, and the pivotal developments that are shaping its future.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent among elderly patients, and as the global population ages, the number of elderly patients with CKD is increasing. Elderly patients require additional considerations beyond those required for their younger counterparts, such as comorbidities, frailty, and geriatric syndromes. In this review, we primarily focus on these additional considerations specific to elderly patients and discuss the assessment of CKD and its management strategies, including blood pressure and glycemic control; dyslipidemia, anemia, and electrolyte and metabolic acidosis management; and medication dosage, among others, as well as polypharmacy and nonpharmacological management. Furthermore, the concept of conservative kidney management and the practical recommendations of the Korean Society of Geriatric Nephrology for elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis therapy are discussed. In particular, the aging rate in Korea is exceptionally high; therefore, it is crucial to pay more attention to the increase in elderly patients with CKD. A more palliative approach, rather than intensive treatment strategies, may be necessary for these patients. In a world with an abundance of information, shared decision-making with patients is of great importance, and it is essential to keep in mind that this holds true for elderly patients as well.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent among elderly patients, and as the global population ages, the number of elderly patients with CKD is increasing. Elderly patients require additional considerations beyond those required for their younger counterparts, such as comorbidities, frailty, and geriatric syndromes. In this review, we primarily focus on these additional considerations specific to elderly patients and discuss the assessment of CKD and its management strategies, including blood pressure and glycemic control; dyslipidemia, anemia, and electrolyte and metabolic acidosis management; and medication dosage, among others, as well as polypharmacy and nonpharmacological management. Furthermore, the concept of conservative kidney management and the practical recommendations of the Korean Society of Geriatric Nephrology for elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis therapy are discussed. In particular, the aging rate in Korea is exceptionally high; therefore, it is crucial to pay more attention to the increase in elderly patients with CKD. A more palliative approach, rather than intensive treatment strategies, may be necessary for these patients. In a world with an abundance of information, shared decision-making with patients is of great importance, and it is essential to keep in mind that this holds true for elderly patients as well.