Purpose: The optimal reconstruction method following distal gastrectomy has not been elucidated. Since Billroth-II (B-II) reconstruction is commonly associated with increased bile reflux, Braun jejunojejunostomy has been proposed to reduce this complication. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 325 patients with gastric cancer who underwent distal gastrectomy with B-II reconstruction between January 2015 and December 2017, comprising 159 patients without Braun anastomosis and 166 with Braun anastomosis.Outcomes were assessed over three years using annual gastroscopy based on the residual food, gastritis, and bile reflux criteria and the Los Angeles classification for reflux esophagitis. Results: In the first postoperative year, the group with Braun anastomosis showed a significant reduction in bile reflux compared to the group without Braun anastomosis (75.9% vs. 86.2%; P=0.019). Moreover, multivariate analysis identified Braun anastomosis as the sole factor associated with this outcome. Additionally, the group with Braun anastomosis had a lower incidence of heartburn (12.0% vs. 20.1%; P=0.047) and reduced use of prokinetics (P<0.001) and acid reducers (P=0.002) compared to the group without Braun anastomosis.However, these benefits diminished in subsequent years, with no significant differences in residual food, gastritis, or reflux esophagitis between the groups. Both groups showed similar body mass index scores and nutritional outcomes over the 3-year follow-up period. Conclusions Although Braun anastomosis offers short-term benefits in reducing bile reflux after B-II reconstruction, these effects are not sustainable. The routine use of Braun anastomosis should be reconsidered, though either approach remains a viable option depending on the patient’s circumstances.

Purpose: The optimal reconstruction method following distal gastrectomy has not been elucidated. Since Billroth-II (B-II) reconstruction is commonly associated with increased bile reflux, Braun jejunojejunostomy has been proposed to reduce this complication. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 325 patients with gastric cancer who underwent distal gastrectomy with B-II reconstruction between January 2015 and December 2017, comprising 159 patients without Braun anastomosis and 166 with Braun anastomosis.Outcomes were assessed over three years using annual gastroscopy based on the residual food, gastritis, and bile reflux criteria and the Los Angeles classification for reflux esophagitis. Results: In the first postoperative year, the group with Braun anastomosis showed a significant reduction in bile reflux compared to the group without Braun anastomosis (75.9% vs. 86.2%; P=0.019). Moreover, multivariate analysis identified Braun anastomosis as the sole factor associated with this outcome. Additionally, the group with Braun anastomosis had a lower incidence of heartburn (12.0% vs. 20.1%; P=0.047) and reduced use of prokinetics (P<0.001) and acid reducers (P=0.002) compared to the group without Braun anastomosis.However, these benefits diminished in subsequent years, with no significant differences in residual food, gastritis, or reflux esophagitis between the groups. Both groups showed similar body mass index scores and nutritional outcomes over the 3-year follow-up period. Conclusions Although Braun anastomosis offers short-term benefits in reducing bile reflux after B-II reconstruction, these effects are not sustainable. The routine use of Braun anastomosis should be reconsidered, though either approach remains a viable option depending on the patient’s circumstances.

Purpose: The optimal reconstruction method following distal gastrectomy has not been elucidated. Since Billroth-II (B-II) reconstruction is commonly associated with increased bile reflux, Braun jejunojejunostomy has been proposed to reduce this complication. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 325 patients with gastric cancer who underwent distal gastrectomy with B-II reconstruction between January 2015 and December 2017, comprising 159 patients without Braun anastomosis and 166 with Braun anastomosis.Outcomes were assessed over three years using annual gastroscopy based on the residual food, gastritis, and bile reflux criteria and the Los Angeles classification for reflux esophagitis. Results: In the first postoperative year, the group with Braun anastomosis showed a significant reduction in bile reflux compared to the group without Braun anastomosis (75.9% vs. 86.2%; P=0.019). Moreover, multivariate analysis identified Braun anastomosis as the sole factor associated with this outcome. Additionally, the group with Braun anastomosis had a lower incidence of heartburn (12.0% vs. 20.1%; P=0.047) and reduced use of prokinetics (P<0.001) and acid reducers (P=0.002) compared to the group without Braun anastomosis.However, these benefits diminished in subsequent years, with no significant differences in residual food, gastritis, or reflux esophagitis between the groups. Both groups showed similar body mass index scores and nutritional outcomes over the 3-year follow-up period. Conclusions Although Braun anastomosis offers short-term benefits in reducing bile reflux after B-II reconstruction, these effects are not sustainable. The routine use of Braun anastomosis should be reconsidered, though either approach remains a viable option depending on the patient’s circumstances.

This study investigated the clinical characteristics and kidney outcomes of childhood-onset lupus nephritis (LN), and risk factors associated with prognosis. Methods: We enrolled 216 patients with histologically diagnosed LN during childhood. The Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology organized a retrospective cohort study of childhood-onset LN in 13 major pediatric nephrology centers in South Korea. Results: The mean age at kidney biopsy was 13.2 ± 3.22 years. The main forms of presentation were nephrotic syndrome and/or hematuria in 152 patients (70.4%), and the most common histological finding was World Health Organization (WHO) class IV in 138 patients (63.9%), followed by WHO class III in 34 patients (15.7%). In the outcome analysis, the mean follow-up period of the patients was 7.8 ± 5.11 years. At last follow-up, 32 patients (14.8%) developed advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Male sex and failure to achieve remission at 12 months of treatment were significant risk factors for developing advanced CKD (hazard ratio of 2.57 and 2.29, respectively). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated the clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of patients with childhood-onset LN. Male sex and failure to achieve remission in the first year of treatment were predictive of advanced CKD. Therefore, prompt awareness and close monitoring of these high-risk patients are needed, which may further improve the prognosis of children with LN.

Brainstem infarction can be a critical condition, typically due to ischemic mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis, small vessel disease, or cardioembolic sources. In rare instances, infectious or inflammatory etiologies may lead to brainstem infarction, posing substantial diagnostic complexities. We report the case of a 74-year-old man presenting bilateral pontine infarctions secondary to clival osteomyelitis and an adjacent abscess, which was further complicated by a basilar artery pseudoaneurysm and subsequent subarachnoid hemorrhage. This case highlights the importance of considering uncommon infectious causes of brainstem infarction, especially in patients with intricate medical backgrounds and immunosuppression.

Background: Coronary artery calcification and carotid plaque are recognized indicators of atherosclerosis, both linked to elevated cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risks. This study investigates the association between coronary artery calcification and carotid plaque and examines key risk factors associated with carotid plaque presence. Methods: We enrolled 2,620 participants who underwent coronary artery calcium scoring via computed tomography and carotid ultrasound for health check-up from January 2017 to December 2022. Patient data, including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking history, body mass index, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a), were collected. Logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the relationship between coronary artery calcification and carotid plaque, adjusting for major cerebrovascular risk factors. Results: Coronary artery calcification was present in 44.7% of participants, and carotid plaque was detected in 43.5%. Univariable analysis showed a significant association between coronary artery calcification and carotid plaque (unadjusted odds ratio: 4.393, p<0.001). In the multivariable model, which included age, sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and coronary artery calcification presence, coronary artery calcification remained an independent predictor of carotid plaque (adjusted odds ratio: 2.327, p<0.001). The model’s area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.768. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that coronary artery calcification is independently and significantly associated with carotid plaque in a health check-up population. Carotid imaging, such as carotid ultrasound, may be beneficial for early detection and management of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery calcification.

Background: Carotid plaque formation is a major global health issue and contributes in pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Lipoprotein(a), similar to low-density lipoprotein, may influence atherogenesis by promoting inflammation and thrombosis. However, the association between lipoprotein(a) levels and presence of carotid plaques has been debated. This study investigated the correlation between these parameters. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 4,896 individuals who underwent lipoprotein(a) measurement and carotid ultrasonography at Gangnam Severance Hospital between January 2017 and December 2022. The relationship between lipoprotein(a) levels and the presence of carotid plaques was evaluated using logistic regression analysis adjusted for factors such as age, sex, hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus (DM). Results: Among the 4,896 enrolled participants, those with carotid plaques were older, more likely to be men, and had a higher prevalence of HTN, DM, and dyslipidemia. The analysis showed a significant association between the presence of carotid plaques and a level of lipoprotein(a) ≥50 mg/dL in both univariable (unadjusted odds ratio=1.508, p<0.001, 95% confidence interval: 1.192–1.907) and multivariable (adjusted odds ratio=1.335, p=0.029, 95% confidence interval: 1.030–1.731) models. Conclusion Elevated lipoprotein(a) level emerged as an independent risk factor for carotid plaque formation, emphasizing the need for integrated risk assessment. Targeting lipoprotein(a) could enhance preventive strategies against cerebrovascular events. Therefore, further research is warranted to elucidate this disease’s underlying mechanisms and evaluate therapeutic interventions.

Herpes simplex encephalitis is known to cause intracranial hypertension and cerebral edema. When cerebral edema occurs, venous sinuses are compressed, resulting in congestion and thrombosis. An arteriovenous fistula may form as a result, particularly in conjunction with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. In this report, the authors describe a patient with protein S and C deficiency who developed venous sinus thrombosis and dural arteriovenous fistula after experiencing herpes simplex encephalitis.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the associations of socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and comorbidities with early-onset lung cancer. METHODS: The study included 6,794,287 individuals aged 20-39 years who participated in a Korean national health check-up program from 2009 to 2012. During the follow-up period, 4,684 participants developed lung cancer. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the independent associations of potential risk factors with incident lung cancer. RESULTS: Older age (multivariable hazard ratio [mHR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.14) and female sex (mHR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.49 to 1.75) were associated with increased lung cancer risk. Current smoking was also associated with elevated risk (<10 pack-years: mHR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.24; ≥10 pack-years: mHR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.45), but past smoking was not. Although mild alcohol consumption (<10 g/day) was associated with lower lung cancer risk (mHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.99), heavier alcohol consumption (≥10 g/day) was not. Higher income (highest vs. lowest quartile: mHR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.94), physical activity for at least 1,500 metabolic equivalent of task-min/wk (vs. non-exercisers: mHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.99) and obesity (vs. normal weight: mHR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.96) were associated with lower lung cancer risk, whereas metabolic syndrome was associated with increased risk (mHR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.24). CONCLUSIONS In young adults, age, female sex, smoking, and metabolic syndrome were risk factors for early-onset lung cancer, while high income, physical activity, and obesity displayed protective effects.