BACKGROUND:Developing a material that promotes alveolar bone regeneration and has good properties is of great significance for the treatment of alveolar bone defects.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the research on alveolar bone defect regeneration and repair in the past 5 years,classify and introduce new materials and drugs,so as to grasp the latest progress in related fields.METHODS:"Alveolar bone,alveolar bone defect,alveolar bone regeneration,mechanism,biomaterials,nanoscaffolds,hydrogels,medications,anti-inflammatory drugs,simvastatin,metformin,traditional Chinese medicine,growth factor,stem cell"were used as search terms in Chinese and English for literature retrieval in CNKI and PubMed,respectively.A total of 117 articles were finally obtained for review and analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The application of biomaterials provides a scaffold structure for alveolar bone regeneration and can also be used as a bone substitute to repair bone defects.Topical and systemic applications of Western and Chinese medicines can control inflammation and promote bone regeneration.Materials loaded with various growth factors have the effect of osteogenesis and can promote the repair of alveolar bone defects.In stem cell tissue engineering,the seed cells are osteogenic and fibrogenic,which can differentiate into osteoblasts to generate new bone.In recent years,research has been keen on the combination of the above to develop new,biocompatible,and slow-release drugs or materials to promote the regeneration and repair of alveolar bone defects.

BACKGROUND:Developing a material that promotes alveolar bone regeneration and has good properties is of great significance for the treatment of alveolar bone defects.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the research on alveolar bone defect regeneration and repair in the past 5 years,classify and introduce new materials and drugs,so as to grasp the latest progress in related fields.METHODS:"Alveolar bone,alveolar bone defect,alveolar bone regeneration,mechanism,biomaterials,nanoscaffolds,hydrogels,medications,anti-inflammatory drugs,simvastatin,metformin,traditional Chinese medicine,growth factor,stem cell"were used as search terms in Chinese and English for literature retrieval in CNKI and PubMed,respectively.A total of 117 articles were finally obtained for review and analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The application of biomaterials provides a scaffold structure for alveolar bone regeneration and can also be used as a bone substitute to repair bone defects.Topical and systemic applications of Western and Chinese medicines can control inflammation and promote bone regeneration.Materials loaded with various growth factors have the effect of osteogenesis and can promote the repair of alveolar bone defects.In stem cell tissue engineering,the seed cells are osteogenic and fibrogenic,which can differentiate into osteoblasts to generate new bone.In recent years,research has been keen on the combination of the above to develop new,biocompatible,and slow-release drugs or materials to promote the regeneration and repair of alveolar bone defects.

Objective: To investigate the distribution of pupil diameter and its association with myopia in school age children, providing ideas into the mechanisms of the role of pupil diameter in the onset and development of myopia. Methods: Adopting a combination of stratified cluster random sampling and convenience sampling method, 3 839 children from six schools in Shandong Province were included in September 2021. Pupil diameters distribution was analyzed by age, sex, and myopic status. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between pupil diameter and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), as well as axial length (AL) and other variables. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to match myopic and non myopic children at a 1∶1 ratio based on age and sex. A generalized linear model (GLM) was constructed with pupil diameter as the dependent variable to identify independent factors influencing pupil size and its association with myopia. Results: The mean pupil diameter of school age children was (5.77±0.80)mm. Pupil diameter exhibited a significant increasing trend with age ( F =49.34， P trend ＜ 0.01). Myopic children had a significantly larger mean pupil diameter [(6.10±0.73)mm] compared to non myopic children [(5.62±0.79)mm] with a statistically significant difference( t=18.10, P <0.01). Multivariable GLM analysis, adjusted for age, amplitude of accommodation, and uncorrected visual acuity, revealed a negative correlation between pupil diameter and cycloplegic SE (before PSM: β =-0.089, after PSM: β =-0.063, both P ＜0.01). Conclusions Myopic school age children exhibite larger pupil diameters than their non myopic counterparts. Pupil diameter may serve as a potential indicator for monitoring myopia development in school age children.

AIM: To explore the effects of preoperative anterior segment parameters on the rotational stability of Toric intraocular lens(Toric IOL).METHODS:Prospective study. A total of 41 cataract patients(54 eyes)with combined corneal regular astigmatism from March to December 2023 were included and treated with cataract phacoemulsification combined with plate loop Toric IOL implantation in the Department of Ophthalmology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. The rotation degree of Toric IOL and uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA)were evaluated at 1 d, 2 wk, and 1 mo postoperatively, the corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA)was evaluated at 2 wk and 1 mo after surgery, and the decentration and tilt of the Toric IOL were assessed at 2 wk postoperatively.RESULTS:A total of 33 patients(40 eyes)were included in this study. The UCDVA(LogMAR)of 1 d, 2 wk and 1 mo postoperatively were 0.10(0.10, 0.30), 0.05(0, 0.10)and 0(0, 0.10), respectively, which was improved compared with the preoperative levels of [0.80(0.49, 1.00)](P<0.001). The CDVA(LogMAR)of 2 wk and 1 mo postoperatively were 0.05(0, 0.15)and 0(0, 0.138), respectively, which was improved compared with preoperative levels of [0.52(0.40, 0.80)](P<0.001). The residual astigmatism of 2 wk and 1 mo postoperatively were 0.625(0.25, 0.75)D and 0.50(0.25, 0.75)D, respectively, which was significantly reduced compared with preoperative astigmatism of [1.82(1.31, 2.59)D](P<0.001). The preoperative anterior segment length(ASL), and lens thickness(LT)were positively correlated with Toric IOL rotation degree at 1 d(rs=0.463, P=0.003; rs=0.340, P=0.032)and 2 wk(rs=0.520, P=0.001; rs=0.409, P=0.009)postoperatively. At 1 mo postoperatively, only ASL was positively correlated with Toric IOL rotation degree(rs=0.463, P=0.003). The results of linear regression analysis showed that preoperative ASL was a predictor of rotation degree at 1 d, 2 wk and 1 mo after surgery(F1 d=10.098, P1 d=0.003; F2 wk=16.915, P2 wk<0.001; F1 mo=10.957, P1 mo=0.002). The rotation degree of Toric IOL was positively correlated with lens decentration(rs=0.360, P=0.043).CONCLUSION:The early postoperative rotation of Toric IOL is positively correlated with ASL, and the rotation is also positively correlated with lens decentration.

Objective:To explore the incidence, clinical features, genetic variant characteristics and prognosis of Glutaric acidemia type I (GA1) among neonates from Henan Province.Methods:A total of 814 625 neonates undergoing screening for inherited metabolic diseases by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects. A retrospective method was adopted to collect the clinical data of the patients. Whole exome sequencing was carried out to detect GCDH gene variants in individuals with positive results by GA1 newborn screening, and Sanger sequencing was used to verify the candidate variants. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the pathogenicity of candidate variants was rated. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Hospital (Approval Number: 2019 Medical Ethics Review No. 67). Results:Eight cases of GA1 were diagnosed among the 814 625 neonates. Blood glutaryl carnitine (C5DC) and urine glutaric acid (GA) levels of the 8 children were higher than the normal reference values. In total 12 variants were detected, all of which were missense variants. c. 1064G>A (p.Arg355His) was the most common one, accounting for 21.4% (3/14). Three GCDH gene variants, including 1297G>C (p.Ala433Pro), c. 467G>A (p.Gly156Asp) and c. 1125T>G (p.Cys375Trp), were previously unreported. REVEL software analysis predicted that all of the three variants were harmful. 3D protein structure modeling indicated that the three variants may cause amino acid residue alterations, and c. 1297G>C (p.Ala433Pro) and c. 1125T>G (p.Cys375Trp) may result in increase in hydrogen bonds and may affect the function of GCDH protein. By December 2023, one of the eight children had deceased, and another child had severe clinical symptoms with poor prognosis. Six children had a good prognosis, of which two had mild motor development delay and four had normal development without clinical symptoms. Conclusion:The incidence of GA1 in newborns screened by MS/MS in Henan Province is 1/101 828, and the carrier rate of pathogenic GCDH variants is 1/160. The c. 1064G>A (p.Arg355His) may be the hotspot variant of the GCDH gene among children with GA1 in Henan. Discovery of the three novel variants has enriched the mutational spectrum of the GCDH gene and provide a basis for the early diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and genetic counseling of this disease.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the changes in disease burden and risk factors of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter (AF/AFL) in China and globally from 1990 to 2021 to provide epidemiological evidence for developing effective preventive measures for AF/AFL in China. METHODS: Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we analyzed sex- and age-specific AF/AFL burden metrics across 204 countries or territories. Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), prevalence, mortality rate (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) rate (ASDR) were calculated. Joinpoint regression was employed to compute average annual percentage changes (AAPC) in trends. The risk factors were systematically evaluated and further validated using Mendelian randomization analysis. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2021, China experienced an increase in ASIR of AF/AFL (from 42.63 to 44.93 per 100 000), contrasting with the global decline. While China's ASMR decreased (from 4.93 to 4.33 per 100 000), global ASMR rose slightly (from 4.24 to 4.36 per 100 000). China's ASDR remained stable at 93.29 per 100 000, whereas global ASDR increased marginally (100.81 to 101.40 per 100 000). Significant sex disparities were observed: males showed higher ASIR and ASDR, while females exhibited greater ASMR and ASDR. China had higher incidence and prevalence but lower mortality and DALY rates compared to global averages. In 2021, the key risk factors for AF/AFL included elevated systolic blood pressure, high BMI, smoking, alcohol use, high-sodium diet, and low temperature. Gender-specific patterns emerged: smoking was predominant in males, whereas high BMI disproportionately affected females. CONCLUSIONS AF/AFL incidence and prevalence keep increasing in China, and its large population base and demographic aging pose significant public health challenges. Maintaining healthy lifestyle habits, including smoking cessation, alcohol moderation, and a low-sodium diet can help to lower AF/AFL incidence, and regular screenings is crucial for its early detection and treatment.
Humans ; China/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors ; Atrial Flutter/epidemiology* ; Atrial Fibrillation/epidemiology* ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis ; Male ; Female ; Global Burden of Disease ; Incidence ; Prevalence ; Middle Aged ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Aged

OBJECTIVE: To explore the incidence, clinical features, genetic variant characteristics and prognosis of Glutaric acidemia type I (GA1) among neonates from Henan Province. METHODS: A total of 814 625 neonates undergoing screening for inherited metabolic diseases by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects. A retrospective method was adopted to collect the clinical data of the patients. Whole exome sequencing was carried out to detect GCDH gene variants in individuals with positive results by GA1 newborn screening, and Sanger sequencing was used to verify the candidate variants. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the pathogenicity of candidate variants was rated. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Hospital (Ethics Number: 2019 Medical Ethics Review No. 67). RESULTS: Eight cases of GA1 were diagnosed among the 814 625 neonates. Blood glutaryl carnitine (C5DC) and urine glutaric acid (GA) levels of the 8 children were higher than the normal reference values. In total 12 variants were detected, all of which were missense variants. c.1064G>A (p.Arg355His) was the most common one, accounting for 21.4% (3/14). Three GCDH gene variants, including 1297G>C (p.Ala433Pro), c.467G>A (p.Gly156Asp) and c.1125T>G (p.Cys375Trp), were previously unreported. REVEL software analysis predicted that all of the three variants were harmful. 3D protein structure modeling indicated that the three variants may cause amino acid residue alterations, and c.1297G>C (p.Ala433Pro) and c.1125T>G (p.Cys375Trp) may result in increase in hydrogen bonds and affect the function of GCDH protein. By December 2023, one of the eight children had deceased, and another child had severe clinical symptoms with poor prognosis. Six children had a good prognosis, of which two had mild motor development delay and four had normal development without clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION The incidence of GA1 in newborns screened by MS/MS in Henan Province is 1/101 828, and the carrier rate of pathogenic GCDH variants is 1/160. The c.1064G>A (p.Arg355His) may be the hotspot variant of the GCDH gene among children with GA1 in Henan. Discovery of the three novel variants has enriched the mutational spectrum of the GCDH gene and provide a basis for the early diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and genetic counseling of this disease.
Humans ; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/epidemiology* ; Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase/chemistry* ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Neonatal Screening/methods* ; Male ; Brain Diseases, Metabolic/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Mutation ; Genetic Variation ; Glutarates

Objective:To analyze the correlation between near work, screen time, outdoor time and myopia in children based on objective monitoring technology and to explore the influencing factors related to myopia in children.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.From October 2022 to March 2023, the purposive sampling method was used to select 596 children in Grade 2 and Grade 3 from two primary schools in Shandong Province as study subjects.Eye-Monitor technology of eye-use behavior based on artificial intelligence was used to quantify parameters of near work, screen time and outdoor time.The eye-use behavior parameters were compared within each subject and between non-myopic and myopic children on weekdays and weekends.A multivariate binary logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the influencing factors related to myopia.The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No.HEC-HY-2022023KY).Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardian of each subject.Results:For each subject, the proportion of near work time on weekdays was greater than on weekends, the proportion of time spent looking at cell phones, computer screens, and outdoor activities was smaller, the duration of single continuous near eye use was longer, the tilt angle of the head in sitting position was greater, and the light intensity was stronger, showing statistically significant differences ( t=19.427, -9.964, -5.916, -10.470, 2.211, 2.898, 15.061; all P<0.05).During weekdays, compared with the non-myopia group, the myopia group had longer total near work duration, longer single continuous near eye use duration, shorter outdoor activity duration, closer eye use distance, larger proportion of near work time, and smaller proportion of outdoor activity time, showing statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).During weekends, compared with the non-myopia group, the myopia group had longer time spent looking at cell phones and computer screens, shorter outdoor activity time, greater proportion of time spent looking at cell phones and computer screens, and smaller proportion of outdoor activity time, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).During weekdays, after adjusting for confounding factors, longer single continuous near eye use duration ( OR=1.138, 95% CI: 1.086-1.192, P<0.001) was the risk factor for myopia, and longer working distance ( OR=0.906, 95% CI: 0.847-0.970, P=0.004) and longer outdoor activity time ( OR=0.127, 95% CI: 0.023-0.703, P=0.018) were protective factors for myopia.During weekends, after adjusting for confounding factors, longer time spent on looking at cell phone screens ( OR=2.437, 95% CI: 1.460-4.068, P<0.001) and longer time spent on looking at computer screens ( OR=2.260, 95% CI: 1.283-3.979, P=0.005) were risk factors for myopia, and longer outdoor activity time ( OR=0.624, 95% CI: 0.416-0.934, P=0.022) was the protective factor for myopia. Conclusions:The eyes with continuous near work, prolonged use of smartphone and computer screens, closer eye use distance, and less time spent outdoors have been confirmed to be significantly correlated with myopia based on objective monitoring data.When formulating intervention measures for myopia prevention and control in children, it is advocated to further pay attention to control the distance and duration of near work on weekdays and strengthen screen time management on weekends.

Objective:To analyze the correlation between near work, screen time, outdoor time and myopia in children based on objective monitoring technology and to explore the influencing factors related to myopia in children.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.From October 2022 to March 2023, the purposive sampling method was used to select 596 children in Grade 2 and Grade 3 from two primary schools in Shandong Province as study subjects.Eye-Monitor technology of eye-use behavior based on artificial intelligence was used to quantify parameters of near work, screen time and outdoor time.The eye-use behavior parameters were compared within each subject and between non-myopic and myopic children on weekdays and weekends.A multivariate binary logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the influencing factors related to myopia.The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No.HEC-HY-2022023KY).Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardian of each subject.Results:For each subject, the proportion of near work time on weekdays was greater than on weekends, the proportion of time spent looking at cell phones, computer screens, and outdoor activities was smaller, the duration of single continuous near eye use was longer, the tilt angle of the head in sitting position was greater, and the light intensity was stronger, showing statistically significant differences ( t=19.427, -9.964, -5.916, -10.470, 2.211, 2.898, 15.061; all P<0.05).During weekdays, compared with the non-myopia group, the myopia group had longer total near work duration, longer single continuous near eye use duration, shorter outdoor activity duration, closer eye use distance, larger proportion of near work time, and smaller proportion of outdoor activity time, showing statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).During weekends, compared with the non-myopia group, the myopia group had longer time spent looking at cell phones and computer screens, shorter outdoor activity time, greater proportion of time spent looking at cell phones and computer screens, and smaller proportion of outdoor activity time, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).During weekdays, after adjusting for confounding factors, longer single continuous near eye use duration ( OR=1.138, 95% CI: 1.086-1.192, P<0.001) was the risk factor for myopia, and longer working distance ( OR=0.906, 95% CI: 0.847-0.970, P=0.004) and longer outdoor activity time ( OR=0.127, 95% CI: 0.023-0.703, P=0.018) were protective factors for myopia.During weekends, after adjusting for confounding factors, longer time spent on looking at cell phone screens ( OR=2.437, 95% CI: 1.460-4.068, P<0.001) and longer time spent on looking at computer screens ( OR=2.260, 95% CI: 1.283-3.979, P=0.005) were risk factors for myopia, and longer outdoor activity time ( OR=0.624, 95% CI: 0.416-0.934, P=0.022) was the protective factor for myopia. Conclusions:The eyes with continuous near work, prolonged use of smartphone and computer screens, closer eye use distance, and less time spent outdoors have been confirmed to be significantly correlated with myopia based on objective monitoring data.When formulating intervention measures for myopia prevention and control in children, it is advocated to further pay attention to control the distance and duration of near work on weekdays and strengthen screen time management on weekends.

Objective:To explore the incidence, clinical features, genetic variant characteristics and prognosis of Glutaric acidemia type I (GA1) among neonates from Henan Province.Methods:A total of 814 625 neonates undergoing screening for inherited metabolic diseases by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects. A retrospective method was adopted to collect the clinical data of the patients. Whole exome sequencing was carried out to detect GCDH gene variants in individuals with positive results by GA1 newborn screening, and Sanger sequencing was used to verify the candidate variants. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the pathogenicity of candidate variants was rated. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Hospital (Approval Number: 2019 Medical Ethics Review No. 67). Results:Eight cases of GA1 were diagnosed among the 814 625 neonates. Blood glutaryl carnitine (C5DC) and urine glutaric acid (GA) levels of the 8 children were higher than the normal reference values. In total 12 variants were detected, all of which were missense variants. c. 1064G>A (p.Arg355His) was the most common one, accounting for 21.4% (3/14). Three GCDH gene variants, including 1297G>C (p.Ala433Pro), c. 467G>A (p.Gly156Asp) and c. 1125T>G (p.Cys375Trp), were previously unreported. REVEL software analysis predicted that all of the three variants were harmful. 3D protein structure modeling indicated that the three variants may cause amino acid residue alterations, and c. 1297G>C (p.Ala433Pro) and c. 1125T>G (p.Cys375Trp) may result in increase in hydrogen bonds and may affect the function of GCDH protein. By December 2023, one of the eight children had deceased, and another child had severe clinical symptoms with poor prognosis. Six children had a good prognosis, of which two had mild motor development delay and four had normal development without clinical symptoms. Conclusion:The incidence of GA1 in newborns screened by MS/MS in Henan Province is 1/101 828, and the carrier rate of pathogenic GCDH variants is 1/160. The c. 1064G>A (p.Arg355His) may be the hotspot variant of the GCDH gene among children with GA1 in Henan. Discovery of the three novel variants has enriched the mutational spectrum of the GCDH gene and provide a basis for the early diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and genetic counseling of this disease.