Clostridioides difficile infection（CDI）is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea，posing a significant burden on global healthcare systems.Clostridioides difficile（C.difficile）spreads through spores outside the body，germinates and grows into vegetative cells in the intestines，and releases toxins to cause disease.Bile acids are crucial metabolites in the gut，where primary and secondary bile acids play important roles throughout the lifecycle of C.difficile.This article reviews bile acids metabolism，their impact on C.difficile，and how they influence CDI treatment through antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation（FMT）.The aim is to provide new insights and reference for clinical management and research of CDI.

Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) is a key contributor to hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for ESRD and has demonstrated beneficial effects in improving gonadal dysfunction and abnormal sex hormone levels in transplant recipients. However, inappropriate use of immunosuppressants may have adverse effects on gonadal function. For female kidney transplant recipients planning pregnancy, careful adjustment of immunosuppressive regimens-balancing risks and benefits-is essential. In male kidney transplant recipients, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, intracavernosal alprostadil injections, and penile prosthesis implantation have been shown to be relatively safe options for managing erectile dysfunction. Despite these advancements, research on the treatment of hypogonadism in kidney transplant recipients remains limited, underscoring the urgent need for further studies to explore more effective therapeutic approaches. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of research progress on gonadal function changes in kidney transplant recipients, offering valuable insights for clinicians to optimize patient management.

Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) is a key contributor to hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for ESRD and has demonstrated beneficial effects in improving gonadal dysfunction and abnormal sex hormone levels in transplant recipients. However, inappropriate use of immunosuppressants may have adverse effects on gonadal function. For female kidney transplant recipients planning pregnancy, careful adjustment of immunosuppressive regimens-balancing risks and benefits-is essential. In male kidney transplant recipients, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, intracavernosal alprostadil injections, and penile prosthesis implantation have been shown to be relatively safe options for managing erectile dysfunction. Despite these advancements, research on the treatment of hypogonadism in kidney transplant recipients remains limited, underscoring the urgent need for further studies to explore more effective therapeutic approaches. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of research progress on gonadal function changes in kidney transplant recipients, offering valuable insights for clinicians to optimize patient management.

The upset insomnia caused by life and work pressure has seriously affected the physical and mental health of modern people and induced many diseases. The quality of Chinese medicine for nourishing heart and tranquilizing mind is stable, and it has a significant effect on the treatment of insomnia, with fewer adverse reactions, and no dependence on sedative and hypnotic as chemical drugs. The Chinese herbal pieces and preparations for nourishing heart and tranquilizing mind can be divided into psychotropic and sedative drugs according to their functions. Their active ingredients mainly include flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, polysaccharides, amino acids and vitamins, etc. They are mostly used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and central nervous system inhibition. In this paper, the types and active ingredients and development tendency and application status of the Chinese herbal pieces and preparations of nourishing heart and tranquilizing mind were reviewed individually, in order to provide reference for the development of drugs of nourishing heart and tranquilizing mind in the field of clinical application and related drugs.

Adolescent ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Desmin ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Leg ; MART-1 Antigen ; metabolism ; Male ; Melanoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Melanoma-Specific Antigens ; metabolism ; Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Sarcoma, Clear Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Skin Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery