Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) is a key contributor to hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for ESRD and has demonstrated beneficial effects in improving gonadal dysfunction and abnormal sex hormone levels in transplant recipients. However, inappropriate use of immunosuppressants may have adverse effects on gonadal function. For female kidney transplant recipients planning pregnancy, careful adjustment of immunosuppressive regimens-balancing risks and benefits-is essential. In male kidney transplant recipients, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, intracavernosal alprostadil injections, and penile prosthesis implantation have been shown to be relatively safe options for managing erectile dysfunction. Despite these advancements, research on the treatment of hypogonadism in kidney transplant recipients remains limited, underscoring the urgent need for further studies to explore more effective therapeutic approaches. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of research progress on gonadal function changes in kidney transplant recipients, offering valuable insights for clinicians to optimize patient management.

Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) is a key contributor to hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for ESRD and has demonstrated beneficial effects in improving gonadal dysfunction and abnormal sex hormone levels in transplant recipients. However, inappropriate use of immunosuppressants may have adverse effects on gonadal function. For female kidney transplant recipients planning pregnancy, careful adjustment of immunosuppressive regimens-balancing risks and benefits-is essential. In male kidney transplant recipients, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, intracavernosal alprostadil injections, and penile prosthesis implantation have been shown to be relatively safe options for managing erectile dysfunction. Despite these advancements, research on the treatment of hypogonadism in kidney transplant recipients remains limited, underscoring the urgent need for further studies to explore more effective therapeutic approaches. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of research progress on gonadal function changes in kidney transplant recipients, offering valuable insights for clinicians to optimize patient management.

Endoscopy ; Hernia, Ventral/surgery* ; Herniorrhaphy ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Postoperative Complications ; Surgical Mesh

Infantile liver failure syndrome-2(ILFS2)is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by neuroblastoma amplified sequence(NBAS)gene mutation, manifested as recurrent acute liver failure(ALF)with fever/infection-related pathogenesis.First-onset ALF is common in infants or early childhood(8 months to 3 years of age). The main characteristic of this disease is that the liver function can be recovered completely in the interval, and the definitive diagnosis is based on the identification of NBAS gene mutation in gene analysis.Until now, the pathogenesis of ILFS2 is not yet fully understood.Patients can be treated by supportive treatment clinically, while liver transplantation is the only treatment option currently available for patients with end-stage ALF.This review will focus on the recent progress in the pathogenesis and treatment of ILFS2.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of menatetrenone (MK₄) on the osteoblasts in oxidative stress, and to clarify the anti-osteoporosis mechanism of MK₄. Methods Mouse osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was used. Cell viability, ALP activity and the area of bone nodule were observed. The level of ROS was detected by DCFH-DA, mitochondrial membrane potential by JC-1, apoptosis rate by annexin V-FITC/PI, and the expression of FoxO1, FoxO3, SOD, bcl-2 and bax by RT-PCR. Results Menatetrenone at 10 μmol/L significantly increased the proliferation of osteoblasts stimulated by H₂O₂, ALP activity, bone nodule formation area, cell membrane potential, the antioxidant SOD and transcription factors FoxO1 and FoxO3 mRNA expression. In the meantime, the elevated malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species level in cells induced by H₂O₂, the apoptosis rate and the mRNA expression level of bax/Bcl-2 were significantly reduced. Conclusion menatetrenone can protect osteoblasts from oxidative damage by regulating FoxO pathway and reduce osteoblasts apoptosis by up regulating the proportion of Bcl-2/bax.

Objective To compare the effects of vitamin K₁ (VK₁), vitamin K₂ (MK₄), vitamin K₂ (MK₇) and vitamin K₃ (VK₃) on bone formation and bone absorption. Methods Osteoblasts were isolated from calvaria of newborn rats and osteoclasts were induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL). ALP and TRAP activity were measured by diphenyl phosphate method. Osteoclast metabolic activity was measured by Celltiter kit. The inhibition of cathepsin K (CTSK) was measured by Z-FR-MCA fluorescent substrate and collagen substrate degradation. Results MK₄ and MK₇ at 0.1~1 μmol/L significantly increased the proliferation of osteoblasts (P<0.05) and at 1 μmol/L increased ALP activity and bone nodule formation area. VK₃ inhibited bone nodule formation (P<0.05). VK₁,VK₃,MK₄ and MK₇ at 1 μmol/L had no effect on osteoclastic bone absorption. MK₄ and MK₇ significantly inhibited TRAP activity at 0.1~1 μmol/L (P<0.05), while VK₁ and VK₃ did not show the inhibitory effect. The inhibition of MK₄ at 25 μmol/L on CTSK binding to Z-FR-MCA substrate activity is 58.9% and the inhibition of MK₄ at 100 μmol/L on collagen degradation of CTSK activity is 73.2%. Conclusion Compared with VK₁ and VK₃, MK₇ and MK₄ significantly increase osteoblast activity and inhibit osteoclast bone absorption, MK₄ inhibits osteoclast CTSK enzyme activity.

Objective To explore the correlation between the posterior vertebral muscle group aging degeneration and body mass index (BMI) in normal middle-aged and elderly women.Methods One hundred and fifteen women(48-75 years old) were divided into the middle-aged group (＜60 years old) and elderly group (≥60 years old).The muscle area of posterior vertebral muscle group and fat area at lumbar levels L3 were measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT).The muscle fat infiltration (MFI),e.g.fat area/(muscle area + fat area),was calculated.The differences between the two groups were compared by using independent-samples t test.The correlation and linear regression analysis were used for analyzing the correlations between the muscle area,fat area and MFI with age and BMI.Results The BMI had no statistical difference between the two groups (P＞0.05),while the muscle area of posterior vertebral muscle group,fat area and MFI had statistical difference (t=2.182,-1.997,-2.604,P=0.031,0.048,0.010);the correlation and linear regression analysis showed that controlling the body height,body mass factor and age were positively correlated with the fat area of posterior vertebral muscle group and MFI(r=0.275,0.320,t=2.915,3.445,P=0.004,0.001),while had no obvious correlation with the muscle area(r=-1.109,P =0.270);controlling age factor and BMI were positively correlated with the fat area of posterior vertebral muscle group and MFI(r=0.361,0.307,t=3.945,3.277,P≤0.001),while had no obvious correlation with the muscle area(t=1.653,P=0.101).Conclusion In middle-aged and elderly women,the fat content of posterior vertebral muscle group is increased with the age increase.In evaluating the degeneration,especially greater body mass,the fat content of muscles and their proportion have more significance than the muscle area.

Aim To study the inhibitory effects and its mechanisms of oridonin on human pancreas adenocarcinoma SW1990 cells.Methods Cell growth inhibition mediated by oridonin on SW1990cells was measured by MTT assay.The morphological changes were observed by Hoechst33258 fluorochrome staining and electron microscope.Cell cycle and apoptosis rate were analyzed by flow cytometry. The molecular mechanisms involved in the effects of oridonin on SW1990 cells were studied by RT-PCR.Results The growth of humen pancreas adenocarcinoma SW1990 cells was significantly inhibited by oridonin.Apoptosis morphological changes about chromatic agglutination and nuclear condensation were detected by Hoechst 33258 fluorochrome staining and electron microscope in oridonin treated SW1990 cells."Sub-G_1" phase peak and G_2/M growth arrest werer found with flow cytometry.The upregulating mRNA expression of p21 and downregulating mRNA expression of survivin were detected by RT-PCR.Conclusion The inhibitory effect of oridonin on human pancreas adenocarcinoma SW1990 cells through induced apoptosis and G_2/M growth arrest and the mechanisms may be through surviving-p21 co-regluation pathway.

Objective:To determine the protective effect of cardio-pulmonary bypass(CPB) with autologous lung as oxygenator on CPB-relative inflammatory response.Methods:Twelve adult mongrel dogs were randomly divided into control group and study group.Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using a membrane oxygenator (control group) or using the autologous lung (study group) for gas exchange was performed for 120 min in an alternating series of 12 mongrel dogs with the heart arrested for 90 min by crystalloid cardioplegia and 30 min reperfusion.The blood samples were collected at the same time point of pre-operation(T1),60 min of cardiopulmonary bypass(T2),and 1 hour(T3),2 hours(T4) after cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma concentration of IL-6,IL-10,TNF-α were detected with ELISA.Results:The plasma levels of IL-6,IL-8,IL-10,TNF-α in each group were significantly increased at T2,T3,T4.The plasma levels of IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α in study group were significantly lower than in the control group at T2,T3,T4.The plasma levels of IL-10 in study group were significantly higher than the levels in control group at T2,T3,T4.Conclusion:This study indicates that extracorporeal circulation with autologous lung as oxygenator could reduce the increased amplitude of plasma levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-8 whereas enhance the increased amplitude of the plasma IL-10 levels that result from CPB.In other word,extracorporeal circulation with autologous lung as oxygenator possesses the effect to regulate inflammatory cytokine balance and down-regulate CPB-relative inflammatory response.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF), with unknown pathogeny, is an interstitial lung disease.The pathological features are diffuse epithelial-cell lesion, fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition.CXCR4 is the predominant chemokine receptor on fibrocytes;CXCL12 is the only ligand of CXCR4.A large number of studies have shown that CXCL12/CXCR4 biological axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Under the regulation of hypoxia, HIF-1α and PI3K-Akt-mTOR path, CXCL12/CXCR4 biological axis promotes lung fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition, resulting in development and progression of IPF.