BACKGROUND: Whether adherence to a healthy lifestyle is associated with a lower risk of developing pneumonia and a better long-term prognosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate associations of individual and combined lifestyle factors (LFs) with the incidence risk and long-term prognosis of pneumonia hospitalization. METHODS: Using data from the China Kadoorie Biobank study, we used the multistate models to investigate the role of five high-risk LFs, including smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, unhealthy dietary habits, physical inactivity, and unhealthy body shape, alone or in combination in the transitions from a generally healthy state at baseline to pneumonia hospitalization or cardiovascular disease (CVD, regarded as a reference outcome), and subsequently to mortality. RESULTS: Most of the five high-risk LFs were associated with increased risks of transitions from baseline to pneumonia and from pneumonia to death, but with different risk estimates. The greater the number of high-risk LFs, the higher the risk of developing pneumonia and long-term mortality risk after pneumonia, with the strength of associations comparable to that of LFs and CVD. Compared to participants with 0-1 high-risk LF, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for transitions from baseline to pneumonia and from pneumonia to death in those with five high-risk LFs were 1.43 (1.28-1.60) and 1.98 (1.61-2.42), respectively. Correspondingly, the respective HRs (95% CIs) for transitions from baseline to CVD and from CVD to death were 2.00 (1.89-2.11) and 1.44 (1.30-1.59), respectively. The risk estimates changed slightly when further adjusting for the presence of major chronic diseases. CONCLUSION In this Chinese population, unhealthy LFs were associated with an increased incidence and long-term mortality risk of pneumonia.
Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Life Style ; Pneumonia/etiology* ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Smoking

Objective To observe the effect of 15°-head up tilt position on quality of respiratory system during anesthesia recovery period in obese patients.Methods Eighty obese patients in ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 18-60 years,with BMI≥28 kg/m2,scheduled for elective otological surgery with microscopy,were randomly divided into 2 equal groups (n =40 each):the 15°-head up tilt position group (group H) and the supine position group (group C).With traditional induction,an esthesia was maintained by TCI of propofol 2-4 μg/ml and remifentanil 5-6ug/ml,not supplying muscle relaxant during operation.After operation,group H was in 15°-head up tilt position,while group C in supine position.The time spans from recovery of spontaneous breathing to meeting the extubation standard (X) and to meeting the standard for discharging form PACU (Y) were recorded.After extubation,we also recorded the time for SpO2decreased from 100％ to 92％ with fresh air (Z) and for SpO2 increased from 92％ to 100％ with pure oxygen (W).PaO2,PaCO2 and pH were monitored before oxygen inhalation,after 3 min of oxygen inhalation,at the end of surgery,before extubation and before discharging from PACU.Results Compared with group C [(19±6) min,(57±10) min,(51 ±9) s],the time of X (14±7) min,Y (45±7) min and W (39±11) s,was significantly shorter and the time of W was obviously longer in group H(P＜0.05).Compared with group C [(169.1± 29.4) mm Hg,(70.8±4.1) mm Hg],the PaO2was increased obviously before extubation and discharging from PACU in group H [(193.4±30.5) mm Hg,(82.2±3.4) mm Hg](P＜0.05).There was no significantly difference in PaO2 at other time points.There was no significantly difference in PaCO2and pH at all points.Conclusion 15°-head up tilt position during anesthesia recovery period in obese patients can effectively improve the quality of respiratory system.

Cadmium is one of the important heavy metal pollutants with strong toxicity and wide distribution. It poses a threat to human health and invertebrates,especially to insects. It has been demonstrated that cadmium can infiltrate into insects through respiration ,food intake and so on. It can affect their development,and even induce apoptosis via oxidative damage. Insects can gradually develop defense mechanisms against cadmium with the help of metallothionein,antioxidant enzymes, excretion and heat shock protein. Toxicity effect varies among different species. This paper reviewsed the effect of cadmium on development,cell apoptosis mechanism and defense mechanism in insects.

〔Abstract〕 The paper introduces the characteristics, methods and achivements of regional health informatization construction of Luoy-ang health information security project, overviews the construction ideas of regional informatization, providing basis for future development and references for similar projects implementation.

Objective To explore the relationship between the antiviral effect and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA when the patients reach the standard of withdrawal of antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods Ninety CHB patients treated with interferon(n=44) or nucleot (s) ide(n=46) who reached the standard of withdrawal of antiviral therapy were recruited.HBV DNA levels in PBMCs were tested at the end of treatment,and its relationship with serum HBV DNA level before treatment in PBMC HBV DNA positive group and negative group were compared.The correlation between HBV DNA in PBMCs at the end of treatment and relapse were explored.Measurement data were analyzed by student t test and enumeration data were analyzed by X2 test.Results Among 90 patients,67(74.4%) were PBMC HBV DNA negative at the end of treatment,and 23(25.6%) were positive.The serum HBV DNA positive conversion rate in PBMC HBV DNA negative patients was 13.4%,which were significantly lower than that in positive group (73.9%) (X2=30. 4873, P<0.01 ). There were no significant differences of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels when hepatitis flare (t=0. 8729, P=0. 3913) and relapse time (t=1. 9222, P=0. 0665) between PBMC HBV DNA negative group and positive group after withdrawal of therapy, while the serum HBV DNA rebound was greater in positive group than that in negative group (t=2. 7493, P=0. 0112). There were five patients who achieved hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion, whose PBMC HBV DNA were all undetectable, and none relapsed during follow-up for 6-12 months. The pretreatment HBV DNA as level in PBMC HBV DNA positive was (7.2±1.1) lg copy/mL, which was much higher than that in negative group[(5.2±2.1) lg copy/mL] (t=4. 3557, P<0.01). Conclusions In patients who reach the standard of drug withdrawal,PBMC HBV DNA at the end of treatment is an important predictor for durability of antiviral therapy in CHB.

The gene encoding the VP28 envelope protein of White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)was cloned into expression vector pET-30a and transformed into the Escherichia coli strain BL21.After induction,the recombinant VP28 (rVP28) protein was purified and then used to immunize Balb/c mice for monoclonal antibody (MAb) production.It was observed by immuno-electron microscopy the MAbs specific to rVP28 could recognize native VP28 target epitopes of WSSV and dot-blot analysis was used to detect natural WSSV infection.Competitive PCR showed that the viral level was approximately 104 copies/mg tissue in the dilution of gill homogenate of WSSV-infected crayfish at the detection limit of dot-blot assay.Our results suggest that dot-blot analysis with anti-rVP28 MAb could rapidly and sensitively detect WSSV at the early stages of WSSV infection.