With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology, chatbots have shown great potential in the healthcare sector. From personalized health advice to chronic disease management and psychological support, chatbots have demonstrated significant advantages in improving the efficiency and quality of healthcare services. As the scope of their applications expands, the relationship between technological complexity and practical application scenarios has become increasingly intertwined, necessitating a more comprehensive evaluation of both aspects. This paper, from the perspective of he althcare applications, systematically reviews the technological pathways and development of chatbots in the medical field, providing an in-depth analysis of their performance across various medical scenarios. It thoroughly examines the advantages and limitations of chatbots, aiming to offer theoretical support for future research and propose feasible recommendations for the broader adoption of chatbot technologies in healthcare.

In order to accurately capture the respiratory muscle movement and extract the synchronization signals corresponding to the breathing phases, a comprehensive signal sensing system for sensing the movement of the respiratory muscle was developed with applying the thin-film varistor FSR402 IMS-C07A in this paper. The system integrated a sensor, a signal processing circuit, and an application program to collect, amplify and denoise electronic signals. Based on the respiratory muscle movement sensor and a STM32F107 development board, an experimental platform was designed to conduct experiments. The respiratory muscle movement data and respiratory airflow data were collected from 3 healthy adults for comparative analysis. In this paper, the results demonstrated that the method for determining respiratory phase based on the sensing the respiratory muscle movement exhibited strong real-time performance. Compared to traditional airflow-based respiratory phase detection, the proposed method showed a lead times ranging from 33 to 210 ms [(88.3 ± 47.9) ms] for expiration switched into inspiration and 17 to 222 ms [(92.9 ± 63.8) ms] for inspiration switched into expiration, respectively. When this system is applied to trigger the output of the ventilator, it will effectively improve the patient-ventilator synchrony and facilitate the ventilation treatment for patients with respiratory diseases.
Humans ; Respiratory Muscles/physiology* ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Movement/physiology* ; Respiration ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods* ; Adult

With the rapid advancement of vaccines, the research and application of vaccine adjuvants have garnered significant attention. Despite the development of numerous vaccine adjuvants, their applications in human vaccines remain limited due to either insufficient efficacy or severe side effects. Consequently, there is growing interest in developing bioactive compounds derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) as vaccine adjuvants, owing to their natural biocompatibility, diversity, and safety. Here, we systematically review the current application status and potential value of TCM-based bioactive compounds in vaccine adjuvants. Firstly, we elaborate on the types and characteristics of active ingredients, such as polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, acids, and alkaloids. The mechanisms by which these compounds function as vaccine adjuvants are then discussed, including their roles in enhancing humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and relieving the immune suppression in the microenvironment. Additionally, we summarize the current strategies for structural modification and platform optimization to adapt to different application scenarios. Finally, we offer insights into the future development directions for these potential adjuvants, highlighting research priorities, technical approaches, and application prospects. In conclusion, natural vaccine adjuvants derived from TCMs present broad application prospects and hold promise for future vaccine development.

Objective To investigate the function of the glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2(GOT2)gene in acute myeloid leukemia cells.Methods ShRNAs targeting at GOT2 were constructed to suppress GOT2 expression in the THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cell line.GOT2 mRNA level was measured by RT-qPCR,and GOT2 protein ex-pression was measured by Western blot.Intracellular free amino acid level was quantified using colorimetric assays.The impact of GOT2 knockdown in THP-1 cell function was evaluated through cell viability(CCK-8 assay)and ap-optosis(flow cytometry).Results After GOT2 knockdown,both GOT2 mRNA and protein were significantly de-creased in THP-1 cells(P＜0.05).Compared to the control group,GOT2 knockdown did not affect intracellular glutamate levels(P＞0.05),but led to a marked decrease in aspartate level(P＜0.05).GOT2 knockdown signifi-cantly impaired THP-1 cell viability,inhibited cell proliferation(P＜0.05)and promoted apoptosis(P＜0.05).Conclusions Down regulation of GOT2 significantly decreases intracellular aspartate level in acute myeloid leukemia cells,impairs cellular viability and induces apoptosis,which suggests that GOT2 may play a key role in the regula-tion of amino acid metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia.

Objective To investigate the effect of PIAS3 on glucose fluctuation-induced oxidative stress and mito-chondrial dysfunction in rat cardiomyocytes.Methods H9c2 were cultured in vitro,and divided into normal glucose control group(Control),mannitol-induced osmotic pressure control group(MG),constant high glucose group(HG),intermittent hyperglycemia group(IHG),IHG+siRNA NC group,and IHG+PIAS3 siRNA group.Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 assay.LDH release,MDA and GSH levels,as well as SOD activity,were detected using corresponding kits.Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated via JC-1 staining combined with flow cytometry.ROS levels in cells and mitochondria were determined using DCFH-DA and MitoSOX staining,re-spectively.Protein expression of PI3K,p-PI3K,AKT,and p-AKT was analyzed by Western blot.Results Com-pared with the control group,intermittent hyperglycemia promoted oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction,significantly upregulated PIAS3 expression(P＜0.001)and downregulated p-PI3K and p-AKT protein levels(P＜0.001).Knockdown of PIAS3 significantly alleviated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by glucose fluctuations,and increased p-PI3K and p-AKT protein levels(P＜0.001).Conclusions Knockdown of PIAS3 may alleviate glucose fluctuation-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in ratcardiomyocytes by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the dynamic trend of platelet（PLT）count and mean platelet volume（MPV）in children with severe community-acquired pneumonia（SCAP）in PICU and their correlation with prognosis.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted in 215 SCAP children who were admitted to the PICU of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2016 to December 2019.According to the disease outcome，the patients were divided into improvement group ( n=184) and unrecovered group ( n=31).The changes of PLT count and MPV at admission，on the 2nd，3rd，and 7th days of hospitalization and before discharge were observed，and the relationship between changes in PLT parameters and poor prognosis was analyzed. Meanwhile，the correlation between thrombocytopenia on admission and on the 7th day of hospitalization and prognosis was further explored. Results:The PLT count of improvement group at admission，on the 2nd，3rd，and 7th days of hospitalization and at discharge[(328±159, 329±137, 362±159, 439±168, 510±171)×10 9/L] were significantly higher than those of unrecovered group [(210±142, 207±152, 267±143, 260±162, 343±159)×10 9/L]（ P＜0.05）.Although the MPV of improvement group [(10.9±1.9)fL] on admission was significantly lower than that of the unrecovered group[(12.7±2.5) fL]（ P＜0.05），there was no significant difference in MPV between two groups on the 2nd，3rd，7th days of hospitalization and discharge（ P＞0.05）.In addition，compared with the admission，children in improvement group had significantly higher PLT count on the 7th day of hospitalization and before discharge（ P＜0.05），but there was no significant change in unrecovered group（ P＞0.05）.Compared with SCAP patients with thrombocytopenia at admission (PLT＜100×10 9/L)( n=22),those with thrombocytopenia on 7th day of hospitalization had a significant higher rate of non recovery( P＜0.05). Conclusion:The occurrence of thrombocytopenia on admission and after 7 days of hospitalization in children with SCAP is associated with poor prognosis.No significant increase or decrease in PLT count after 7 days of hospitalization is often indicative of poor prognosis.Dynamic monitoring of PLT parameter changes may help to better judge the prognosis of severe pneumonia.

The ninth edition of TNM staging for lung cancer has been announced at the 2023 World Lung Cancer Congress and implemented from January 1, 2024. The focus of the ninth TNM staging change is dividing N2 into N2a and N2b, as well as M1c into M1c1 and M1c2. Although the T staging has not changed, it has played an important role in verifying the eighth edition of the T staging. The subdivision of stage N2 has led some patients with ⅢA of the eighth edition to experience ascending or descending stages, which will more accurately help to assess the condition and prognosis of patients with mediastinal lymph node metastasis, as well as the design of related clinical studies. Modifying the M1c staging will help define oligometastasis and explore new treatment models in the future. The ninth edition of the TNM staging system provides a more detailed division of different tumor loads, but there is no clear explanation for the staging of lung cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. Further data analysis is needed, and it is expected to be answered in the tenth edition of TNM staging.

Objective: To understand the current situation of school based sexuality education, attitudes and evaluations of teachers and students toward sexuality education, so as to provide evidence for promoting the development of school based sexuality education. Methods: From September to October 2021, 2 140 valid data from students in basic education and 2 146 from kindergarten and primary and secondary school teachers were collected by online questionnaire. The data were described and statistically analyzed, and the influencing factors of teachers willingness to teach sexuality education courses were explored by logistic regression analysis. Results: About 52.06% of the students had not received sexuality education in school, and 47.53% of the teachers did not carry out sexuality education in the school. Sexuality education in schools mainly focuses on reproductive health and physical development. About 48.93% of the teachers thought that the implementation of sexuality education in schools was not good, and the proportion of high school students who thought sexuality education in schools were "very bad" (32.87%) or "not very good" ( 21.23 %) was the highest. The teachers who undertook sexuality education were mainly mental health teachers (55.51% reported by teachers, 43.96% reported by students). About 71.02% of teachers believe that the best way to carry out sexuality education classes was to set up sexuality education curriculum. Students and teachers reported the need for sexuality education, and more than 50% of primary school students and high school students thought that sexuality education were "very needed" and "somewhat needed". About 51.77 % of teachers considered sexuality education "very urgent". All increased recognition of sexuality education, confidence in answering sex questions, external support for sexuality education, and acceptance of sexuality education training increased the likelihood of teachers teaching sexuality education ( OR =1.02, 1.95, 1.03, 3.53, P <0.05). Conclusion The current situation of school based sexuality education is not optimistic, the gap between sexuality education and students needs is wide, and the abilities of sexuality education teachers are insufficient.

Objective: To establish the Professional Standards for Sexuality Education Teachers in Kindergarten in China, so as to provide a basis for strengthening the construction of the sexuality education teacher team in kindergartens and promoting the smooth implementation of sexuality education in kindergartens. Methods: According to the Professional Standards for Kindergarten Teachers (Trial), combined with the existing research and practice results in the field of sexuality education at home and abroad and the development status of kindergarten sexuality education in China, the indicators and specific contents of Professional Standards for Sexuality Education Teachers in Kindergarten in China were selected. In September 2021, two rounds of Delphi expert consultation method were adopted to collect suggestions on professional standards from 34 experts in the field of sexuality education in China, and modifications were made according to the importance scores assessed by experts and specific suggestions until expert opinions converged. Then, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to assign weights to each indicator at each level, based on the relative importance between each two indicators at the same level as assessed by experts. Results: The Professional Standards for Sexuality Education Teachers in Kindergarten in China were initially established, including 3 primary indexes (professional concept, professional ability and professional knowledge), 7 secondary indexes and 27 tertiary indexes. The recovery rate of the two rounds of consultation documents was 100%, indicating that the experts were highly motivated. The authority coefficient of 2 rounds of expert consultation were both greater than 0.70, proving that the consultation results were reliable. The index weights of the three dimensions of professional concept, professional knowledge and professional ability were 0.44, 0.32 and 0.25, respectively. Conclusion The content of the Professional Standards for Sexuality Education Teachers in Kindergarten in China is complete, and the minimum qualified standard for kindergarten teachers engaged in sexuality education is determined.