Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of liver cancer in Guangdong Province in 2020, and to provide a scientific foundation for the development of regionalized prevention and control strategies for liver cancer. Methods According to the cancer registry data of Guangdong Province, the incidence, mortality and age-standardized rate by Chinese standard population in 2020 were calculated to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of liver cancer. The disability adjusted life years (DALYs), year of life loss (YLL), year of lived with disability (YLD), and cause-eliminated life expectancy were used to assess the disease burden of liver cancer. Results In 2020, the crude incidence rate and the age-standardized incidence rate of liver cancer in Guangdong Province were 27.79/100 000 and 20.84/100 000，respectively, and the crude mortality rate and the age-standardized mortality rate of liver cancer were 25.49/100,000 and 17.64/100 000, respectively. The total DALY and DALY rate of liver cancer in Guangdong Province were 515 311 person-years and 513.83/100 000, respectively. After eliminating the causes of death from liver cancer, the life expectancy in Guangdong Province increased from 84.60 years to 84.99 years. All indicators consistently demonstrated that the burden of liver cancer was higher in males than that in females, and the burden of liver cancer was higher in rural areas than that in urban areas. Conclusion Liver cancer in Guangdong Province exhibits a high incidence, mortality and disease burden level in 2020. There are obvious differences of gender, age and region in cancer burden. It is necessary to strengthen liver cancer screening and diagnosis and treatment in men, the elderly and those in rural areas to reduce the burden of liver cancer gradually in Guangdong Province.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Zuogui Wan （ZGW） in improving ovarian inflammatory microenvironment and stemness of ovarian germline stem cells （OSCs） for treating ovarian aging via the cyclic guanosine monophosphate/adenosine monophosphate synthase （cGAS）/stimulator of interferon genes （STING） signaling pathway. MethodsForty C57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into a blank group， a model group， a low-dose ZGW group （2.7 g·kg^-1）， a high-dose ZGW group （5.4 g·kg^-1）， and an estradiol valerate group （0.15 mg·kg^-1）， with 8 mice in each group. Except the blank group， all other groups received a single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide at 120 mg·kg^-1 to establish an ovarian aging mouse model. After successful modeling， each group was continuously administered for 4 weeks， once daily. The physiological status of the mice was observed， and the ovarian index was calculated. The estrus cycle of the mice was monitored. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe pathological changes in ovarian tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect serum sex hormone levels. Serum inflammatory factors interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， and mouse interleukin-6 （IL-6） levels were detected using kits. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of ovarian cGAS， STING， p-STING， TANK-binding kinase 1 （TBK1）， p-TBK1， interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 （Fragilis）， and Vasa homolog protein （MVH）. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in ovarian tissue. Immunofluorescence double labeling was performed to locate OSCs in ovarian tissues， and fluorescence intensities of OSCs markers MVH and octamer binding transcription factor 4 （Oct4） were calculated. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed reduced body weight， ovarian wet weight， and ovarian index （P<0.01） and a disordered estrus cycle （P<0.01）. In addition， the levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， TNF-α， IL-6， and IL-1β were increased （P<0.01）， while anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH） and estradiol （E₂） levels were decreased （P<0.01）. The protein expression of cGAS， p-STING/STING， and p-TBK1/TBK1 in ovarian tissue was increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while that of OSCs stemness factors MVH and Fragilis was reduced （P<0.01）. Immunofluorescence indicated a reduction in MVH and Oct4 expression in OSCs （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α， IL-6， and IL-1β in ovarian tissue was increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the treatment groups exhibited improved body weight， ovarian wet weight， and ovarian index （P<0.05） and a reduced rate of estrus cycle disorder （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The levels of serum FSH， TNF-α， IL-6， and IL-1β were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while AMH and E₂ levels were increased （P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of cGAS， p-STING/STING， and p-TBK1/TBK1 in ovarian tissue were decreased （P<0.05）， while the protein expression of MVH and Fragilis was increased （P<0.05）， and the fluorescence intensities of MVH and Oct4 were increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in ovarian tissue was decreased （P<0.05）. ConclusionZGW alleviate ovarian inflammatory response， regulate ovarian microenvironment homeostasis， and maintain stemness of OSCs in ovarian aging mice probably by modulating the cGAS-STING signaling pathway， thereby improving ovarian function and delaying ovarian aging.

Objective: To explore the network structure of middle school students basic psychological needs and psychological behavioral problems, and identify the core nodes within the network, as well as examine demographic subgroup differences, so as to provide support for targeted mental health interventions for adolescents. Methods: In September and October of 2023, a total of 2 000 junior and senior high school students were selected with multistage cluster random sampling from 8 schools in Jiaojiang District and Tiantai County, Taizhou City. An online self administered questionnaire was used to assess emotional and behavioral problems, perceived autonomy, self awareness, loneliness, and social support. The instruments included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Perceived Choice and Awareness of Self Scale (PCASS), Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire (MHLQ), University of California,Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). A network analysis approach was employed to construct a network representing adolescents basic psychological needs and psychological behavioral problems, focusing on centrality measures and demographic subgroup differences. Results: A total of 418 students (20.9%) reported abnormal emotional and behavioral problems. Perceived autonomy and competence were negatively correlated with emotional problems (weights: 0.12, 0.14) and hyperactivity (weights: 0.10, 0.16). Social support showed negative correlation with peer relationship issues, hyperactivity, and conduct problems (weights: 0.16, 0.13, 0.10). Loneliness was positively correlated with emotional symptoms and peer relationship problems (weights: 0.28, 0.18). In the overall network, perceived relationships (social support and loneliness), emotional symptoms, and hyperactivity emerged as central nodes. Significant differences in network structure were observed between gender subgroups ( P =0.02). Girls internalizing issues were more influenced by loneliness and perceived autonomy frustration, while social support exhibited higher centrality in boys. Conclusions Perceived relationships, emotional problems, and hyperactivity are key nodes in the network of adolescents basic psychological needs and psychological behavioral problems. Loneliness demonstrates a prominent influence within the network, and the overall network exhibits gender differences.

Objective To monitor the concentrations of six disinfection byproducts including trichloromethane,dibromochloromethane,bromodichloromethane, tribromomethane, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in drinking water in the main urban area of Wuhan, and to assess the potential health risks. Methods A total of 373 samples were collected from the central urban area during 2023 to 2024. The concentrations of the substances were tested according to the national Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water. The detection rates of the six disinfection byproducts were statistically analyzed, and the concentration differences of the six disinfection byproducts in different time periods and different types of water samples were compared. The health risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency was used for risk assessment. Results Trichloromethane was the most common substance found in drinking water, followed by dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane, trichloroacetic acid, tribromomethane, and finally dichloroacetic acid. The concentration of dichlorobromomethane in treated water was higher than that in tap water, while the concentration of dichloroacetic acid was lower than the tap water, both with significant differences. The concentrations of the six chlorination disinfection by-products in the dry season were all significantly higher than those in the wet season. The carcinogenic risks of the disinfection byproducts were trichloroacetic acid > dichloroacetic acid > dichlorobromomethane > chlorodibromomethane > tribromomethane, and the non-carcinogenic risks were trichloromethane > trichloroacetic acid > dichlorobromomethane > chlorodibromomethane > dichloroacetic acid > tribromomethane. Conclusion Trichloroacetic acid is the substance with the highest carcinogenic risk, while trichloromethane is the non-carcinogenic substance with the highest risk, which requires special attention.

Dabuyuanjian is one of the classic famous formulas in the Catalog of Ancient Classic Famous Formulas （Second Batch）-Medicine of Han Ethnic Group. It consists of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Dioscoreae Rhizoma， Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata， Eucommiae Cortex， Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Corni Fructus， Lycii Fructus， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle， and is used to treat the symptoms of men and women who have a great loss of Qi and blood and a critical and dramatic loss of spiritual guardianship. This study reviewed the ancient and modern literature， and used literature tracing and bibliometrics methods to mine the key information of the historical origin， formula name， drug composition， compatibility， drug dosage， original plants and processing of drugs， decocting method， and clinical application of Dabuyuanjian. The results showed that Dabuyuanjian was first recorded in the Jing Yue's Collected Works （Jing Yue Quan Shu）， with the dosage mainly following the original formula. According to the dosage in the Ming and Qing dynasties， the formula is composed of 5.60 g （for mild cases）/39.17 g （for severe cases） Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， 7.46 g Dioscoreae Rhizoma， 9.32 g （for mild cases）/ 93.25 g （for severe cases） Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata， 7.46 g Eucommiae Cortex， 9.32 g Angelicae Sinensis Radix， 3.73 g Corni Fructus， 9.32 g Lycii Fructus， and 5.60 g Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle. Regarding the original plants of drugs， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is produced from the dried roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng， Dioscoreae Rhizoma from stir-fried dried rhizomes of Dioscorea opposita， Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata from steamed dried roots of Rehmannia glutinosa， Eucommiae Cortex from the dried bark of Eucommia ulmoides， Angelicae Sinensis Radix from the dried roots of Angelica sinensis， Corni Fructus from the dried mature fruit flesh of Cornus officinalis， Lycii Fructus from the dried mature fruits of Lycium barbarum， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle from the honey-processed dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. These medicinal materials are decocted in 400 mL water to reach a volume of 140 mL， and the decoction should be taken 1 h after meals， 2-3 doses per day. Dabuyuanjian has a wide range of clinical applications， including gynecological and obstetrical diseases， deficiency， baffling and panic， consumptive thirst， and blood， ear， nose， and throat diseases. In modern clinical practice， it is mainly used for diseases of the nervous system， gynecology， urinary system， cardiovascular system， digestive system， musculoskeletal system， connective tissue， immune system， blood， and men. Through the review of ancient and modern literature， this study sorted out the historical evolution and mined the key information of Dabuyuanjian， aiming to provide a theoretical reference for safe and effective clinical application and subsequent research and development of this formula.

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors （EGFR-TKIs） are targeted drugs for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）， but long-term use inevitably leads to drug resistance. Resistance to EGFR-TKIs can alter the tumor microenvironment， and patients with NSCLC resistant to EGFR-TKIs can regain the benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors （ICIs）， but the changes in the tumor microenvironment are complex and the efficacy is unclear. This article reviews the clinical studies of ICIs in the treatment of EGFR-TKIs-resistant NSCLC， and finds that for patients with EGFR-TKIs-resistant NSCLC， the efficacy of ICIs as a single agent is unclear， and other relevant biomarkers need to be found to screen the beneficiary population. ICIs+EGFR-TKIs have potential toxicity and are not recommended for clinical use. There is controversy about the efficacy of ICIs+chemotherapy， and it is recommended to use it cautiously in clinical practice. ICIs+anti-vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） drug therapy has a synergistic effect， but may increase the incidence of adverse events. ICIs+chemotherapy+anti- VEGF drug have a synergistic effect and the incidence of adverse events is similar to that of chemotherapy. New ICIs such as lymphocyte activating gene 3 inhibitors are still in the clinical research stage or preclinical research stage， but they may be a new promising treatment.

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors （EGFR-TKIs） are targeted drugs for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）， but long-term use inevitably leads to drug resistance. Resistance to EGFR-TKIs can alter the tumor microenvironment， and patients with NSCLC resistant to EGFR-TKIs can regain the benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors （ICIs）， but the changes in the tumor microenvironment are complex and the efficacy is unclear. This article reviews the clinical studies of ICIs in the treatment of EGFR-TKIs-resistant NSCLC， and finds that for patients with EGFR-TKIs-resistant NSCLC， the efficacy of ICIs as a single agent is unclear， and other relevant biomarkers need to be found to screen the beneficiary population. ICIs+EGFR-TKIs have potential toxicity and are not recommended for clinical use. There is controversy about the efficacy of ICIs+chemotherapy， and it is recommended to use it cautiously in clinical practice. ICIs+anti-vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） drug therapy has a synergistic effect， but may increase the incidence of adverse events. ICIs+chemotherapy+anti- VEGF drug have a synergistic effect and the incidence of adverse events is similar to that of chemotherapy. New ICIs such as lymphocyte activating gene 3 inhibitors are still in the clinical research stage or preclinical research stage， but they may be a new promising treatment.

AIM: To investigate the potential inhibitory effect of pterostilbene on the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EndMT)induced by high glucose conditions in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells(HRMECs).METHODS: The optimal concentration of pterostilbene for treating HRMECs was determined using the CCK-8 assay, with 12.5 and 25 μmol/L concentrations selected for subsequent experiments. Four experimental groups were established: control group, high glucose group, high glucose combined with 12.5 μmol/L pterostilbene treatment group, and high glucose combined with 25 μmol/L pterostilbene treatment group. The expression levels of HDAC7 and EndMT-associated markers were detected via Western blot analysis. Cell migration ability was assessed using Transwell migration assays and scratch wound healing tests, while vasculogenic capability was evaluated through tube formation assays.RESULTS: The CCK-8 assay revealed that pterostilbene at a concentration of 22.07 μmol/L inhibited 50% of cell viability in HRMECs. Western blot analysis demonstrated that compared with the control group, the expression levels of HDAC7, ZEB1, Vimentin, and Snail were significantly upregulated in HRMECs cultured in high glucose(all P<0.01), while the expressions of VE-cadherin and CD31 were significantly reduced(all P<0.01). Compared to the high glucose group, the treatment with 12.5 and 25 μmol/L pterostilbene significantly reduced the expression of HDAC7, ZEB1, Vimentin, and Snail under high glucose conditions(all P<0.01). Notably, 25 μmol/L pterostilbene enhanced the expression of VE-cadherin and CD31(all P<0.01). Scratch wound healing tests revealed that HRMECs treated with high glucose exhibited a significantly increased cell migration rate compared to the control group(P<0.05), while the application of 25 μmol/L pterostilbene significantly suppressed HRMECs migration under high glucose conditions(P<0.01). Transwell migration assays demonstrated that the cell migration rate in the high glucose group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.01), with cell migration rate markedly reduced following treatment with both of 12.5 and 25 μmol/L pterostilbene(all P<0.01). The tube formation assay revealed that the ability of HRMECs to form tubular structures was significantly enhanced under high glucose conditions(P<0.01), and both 12.5 and 25 μmol/L of pterostilbene effectively inhibited this effect(all P<0.01).CONCLUSION: Pterostilbene can inhibit HDAC7 expression, suppress EndMT-mediated migration of HRMECs, and impair tube formation under high-glucose conditions.

AIM: To investigate the potential inhibitory effect of pterostilbene on the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EndMT)induced by high glucose conditions in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells(HRMECs).METHODS: The optimal concentration of pterostilbene for treating HRMECs was determined using the CCK-8 assay, with 12.5 and 25 μmol/L concentrations selected for subsequent experiments. Four experimental groups were established: control group, high glucose group, high glucose combined with 12.5 μmol/L pterostilbene treatment group, and high glucose combined with 25 μmol/L pterostilbene treatment group. The expression levels of HDAC7 and EndMT-associated markers were detected via Western blot analysis. Cell migration ability was assessed using Transwell migration assays and scratch wound healing tests, while vasculogenic capability was evaluated through tube formation assays.RESULTS: The CCK-8 assay revealed that pterostilbene at a concentration of 22.07 μmol/L inhibited 50% of cell viability in HRMECs. Western blot analysis demonstrated that compared with the control group, the expression levels of HDAC7, ZEB1, Vimentin, and Snail were significantly upregulated in HRMECs cultured in high glucose(all P<0.01), while the expressions of VE-cadherin and CD31 were significantly reduced(all P<0.01). Compared to the high glucose group, the treatment with 12.5 and 25 μmol/L pterostilbene significantly reduced the expression of HDAC7, ZEB1, Vimentin, and Snail under high glucose conditions(all P<0.01). Notably, 25 μmol/L pterostilbene enhanced the expression of VE-cadherin and CD31(all P<0.01). Scratch wound healing tests revealed that HRMECs treated with high glucose exhibited a significantly increased cell migration rate compared to the control group(P<0.05), while the application of 25 μmol/L pterostilbene significantly suppressed HRMECs migration under high glucose conditions(P<0.01). Transwell migration assays demonstrated that the cell migration rate in the high glucose group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.01), with cell migration rate markedly reduced following treatment with both of 12.5 and 25 μmol/L pterostilbene(all P<0.01). The tube formation assay revealed that the ability of HRMECs to form tubular structures was significantly enhanced under high glucose conditions(P<0.01), and both 12.5 and 25 μmol/L of pterostilbene effectively inhibited this effect(all P<0.01).CONCLUSION: Pterostilbene can inhibit HDAC7 expression, suppress EndMT-mediated migration of HRMECs, and impair tube formation under high-glucose conditions.

Background At present, the treatment of silicosis is still limited, and no method is available to cure the disease. miRNAs are involved in the process of fibrosis at the transcriptional level by directly degrading target gene mRNA or inhibiting its translation. However, how miR-130a-3p regulates silicosis fibrosis has not been fully elucidated yet. Objective To investigate whether miR-130a-3p promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by inhibiting peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors gamma (PPAR-γ), thereby pro-moting the process of silicotic fibrosis. To identify effective new targets for the treatment of silicotic fibrosis. Methods (1) Animal experiments: C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally injected with a one-time dose of 10 mg silica suspension (dissolved in 100 μL saline) as positive lung exposure. A silicosis model group was established 28 d after the exposure. A control group was injected with the same amount of normal saline into the trachea. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Sirius red staining were used to observe the pathological changes and collagen deposition in lung tissues respectively. Realtime fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to assay the expression of miR-130a-3p and PPAR-γ mRNA in lung tissues. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of PPAR-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and Collagen Ⅰ in lung tissues. (2) Cells experiments: Mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-12) were induced with 5 µg·L⁻¹ TGF-β1 for different time (0, 12, 24, 48 h). RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-130a-3p and PPAR-γ mRNA in cells. The binding relationship between miR-130a-3p and PPAR-γ mRNA was verified by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. MLE-12 cells were stimulated by 5 µg·L⁻¹ TGF-β1 after transfection of miR-130a-3p inhibitor, and Western blotting was used to measure the protein expression of PPAR-γ, E-cadherin, and α-SMA in the TGF-β1-induced cells. Results In the silicosis model group, the alveolar septum was widened and the pulmonary nodules were formed. The Sirius red staining collagen deposition in pulmonary nodules indicated that a silicosis fibrosis model was successfully established. The expressions of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and Collagen Ⅰ proteins were increased, and the expressions of E-cadherin and PPAR-γ proteins were decreased in lung tissues of the silicosis group, compared with the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The expression of miR-130a-3p was increased and the expression of PPAR-γ mRNA was decreased in lung tissues of the silicosis model (P<0.01). The expression of miR-130a-3p was significantly increased, while the expression of PPAR-γ mRNA was decreased in the TGF-β1 induced MLE-12 cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The dual luciferase reporter assay showed a direct relationship between miR-130a-3p and PPAR-γ mRNA in MLE-12 cells. The transfection of miR-130a-3p inhibitor in the TGF-β1 induced MLE-12 cells inhibited the decrease of PPAR-γ and E-cadherin proteins, and the increase of α-SMA protein in the MLE-12 cells induced by TGF-β1 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion miR-130a-3p promotes the development of silicosis fibrosis by targeting PPAR-γ to increase pulmonary EMT.