Lung transplantation is currently the only recognized effective treatment for end-stage lung disease and has improved the quality of life for patients. However, lung transplantation still faces many challenges, including rejection, infection, post-transplant acute kidney injury, post-transplant diabetes mellitus, ischemia-reperfusion injury and donor shortage, etc. Chinese lung transplantation scholars made a series of important progress in the field of clinical research in 2024, focusing on the study and solution of the above problems, and providing new ideas for lung transplantation surgery. This article systematically reviews the clinical research and technological innovation in the field of lung transplantation in 2024, summarizes the achievements of clinical research in the field of lung transplantation in China in 2024, and aims to providing new directions and strategies for future research.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and genetic etiology of a primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) family, and analyze the pathogenic mechanism of MYORG gene variants. Methods:A 17-year-old female who presented to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine on 13 May 2024 with " paroxysmal limb twitching for 1 day" was enrolled. The patient and her parents underwent clinical evaluation and neuroimaging. Peripheral blood was collected for whole exome sequencing (WES). Candidate variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and interpreted using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence Variants (hereinafter referred to as the ACMG Guidelines). This study was approved by Medical Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Ethics No. 2020-674). Results:① The patient experienced epileptic seizures. Cranial CT revealed multiple calcifications in the bilateral basal ganglia and cerebellum, with a total calcification score of 23. ② WES identified compound heterozygous variants in MYORG: c. 337_348dup (p.Leu113_Arg116dup), a known pathogenic variant, and c. 1268T>G (p.Val423Gly). Segregation analysis showed that the father carried the c. 337_348dup heterozygous variant, whereas the mother carried the c. 1268T>G heterozygous variant. ③ According to ACMG guidelines, the c. 1268T>G variant was classified as "likely pathogenic" (PM2_Supporting + PM3_Supporting + PP1_Supporting + PP3_Moderate + PP4_Supporting). Conclusion:The novel compound heterozygous MYORG variants c. 337_348dup and c.1268T>G have broadened the mutational spectrum of the MYORG gene and further supported compound heterozygosity as an important genetic mechanism in MYORG-related PFBC.

Objective To investigate the clinical application of three-dimensional magnetic resonance(MR)visualization in difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods A total of 100 patients with gallstones who were admitted to the Second People's Hospital of Shantou from January 2022 to December 2023 were selected as research objects.The patients met the criteria of"difficult gallbladder"and were assigned to two groups according to random number table.The control group(n=50)were treated with routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy.In the observation group(n=50),laparoscopic cholecystectomy was assisted by MR 3D visualization model.Surgical indexes,pain within 1 day after surgery,risk of intraoperative trauma,and incidence of postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.Results Surgical indexes and recovery indexes in the observation group were superior to those in the control group(P<0.05).The visual analogue scale(VAS)score within 1 d after operation was significantly lower than that before operation in both groups,and the improvement of VAS score in the observation group was better than that in the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of gallbladder rupture(0.00%vs 10.00%)and liver margin injury(0.00%vs 8.00%)in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(2.00%vs 14.00%,P<0.05).Conclusion The construction of MR 3D visualization model can provide clearer surgical field for laparoscopic cholecystectomy,and enable the operator to clarify the anatomical structure of the gallbladder,avoid surgical trauma,improve the postoperative recovery,alleviate postoperative pain,and reduce the risk of complications.

Previous studies have found associations between color discrimination deficits and cognitive impairments besides aging. However, investigations into the microstructural pathology of brain white matter (WM) associated with these deficits remain limited. This study aimed to examine the microstructural characteristics of WM in the non-demented population with abnormal color discrimination, utilizing Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI), and to explore their correlations with cognitive functions and cognition-related plasma biomarkers. The tract-based spatial statistic analysis revealed significant differences in specific brain regions between the abnormal color discrimination group and the healthy controls, characterized by increased isotropic volume fraction and decreased neurite density index and orientation dispersion index. Further analysis of region-of-interest parameters revealed that the isotropic volume fraction in the bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, superior longitudinal fasciculus, cingulum, and forceps minor was significantly correlated with poorer performance on neuropsychological assessments and to varying degrees various cognition-related plasma biomarkers. These findings provide neuroimaging evidence that WM microstructural abnormalities in non-demented individuals with abnormal color discrimination are associated with cognitive dysfunction, potentially serving as early markers for cognitive decline.
Humans ; White Matter/pathology* ; Male ; Female ; Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology* ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Color Perception/physiology* ; Brain/pathology* ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Echinocandin B (ECB) is a key precursor of the antifungal drug anidulafungin. It is a secondary metabolite of Aspergillus nidulans, and its titer in fermentation is significantly affected by the ECB synthesis pathway and cell morphology. In this study, the key genes related to the transcription activation, hydroxylation, and cell morphology during ECB biosynthesis were investigated to increase the fermentation titer of ECB and to change the cell morphology of Aspergillus nidulans to reduce the viscosity of the fermentation broth. The results indicated that after overexpression of ecdB and ecdK, the ECB titer increased by 25.8% and 23.7%, respectively, compared with that of the wild-type strain, reaching (2 030.5±99.2) mg/L and (1 996.4±151.4) mg/L. However, the deletion of fksA associated with cell wall synthesis resulted in damage to the cell wall, affecting strain growth and product synthesis. The engineered strain overexpressing ecdB was fermented in a 50-L bioreactor, in which the ECB titer reached 2 234.5 mg/L. The findings laid a research foundation for the subsequent metabolic engineering of this strain.
Fermentation ; Aspergillus nidulans/genetics* ; Echinocandins/genetics* ; Bioreactors/microbiology* ; Fungal Proteins/biosynthesis* ; Metabolic Engineering

Objective:To investigate the impact of sliding distance of the fmoral neck system (FNS) on the curative efficacy of displaced femoral neck fractures.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of the 179 patients with displaced femoral neck fracture who had been treated by FNS fixation at Department of Orthopaedics, The Second General Hospital of Fuzhou between September 2019 and September 2023. Based on the FNS sliding distance measured on X-ray films on the day after surgery or one day after surgery, the patients were assigned into 2 groups: a short sliding distance group [sliding distance ≤5 mm, n=55; 35 males, 20 females; median age: 50.0 (34.0, 59.0) years; body mass index (BMI): (24.0±2.4) kg/m 2] and a long sliding distance group [5 mm 0.05). At postoperative 3, 6, and 12 months, the distances of femoral neck shortening in the short sliding distance group [2.5 (0.7, 3.5) mm, 2.6 (0.7, 3.5) mm, and 2.7 (0.7, 3.5) mm] were significantly shorter than those in the long sliding distance group [3.2 (1.3, 5.7) mm, 3.2 (1.3, 7.1) mm, and 3.2 (1.4, 7.1) mm] ( P<0.05). The incidence of moderate-to-severe shortening at one year after surgery in the long sliding distance group [26.6% (33/124)] was significantly higher than that in the short sliding distance group [3.6%(2/55)] ( P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in tip-apex distance, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture reduction quality, fracture healing time, or incidence of complications ( P>0.05). At the last follow-up, the Harris Hip Score in the short sliding distance group [93.5 (88.7, 96.2) points] was significantly higher than that in the long sliding distance group [90.1 (82.9, 94.9) points] ( P<0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures with FSN fixation, compared with those with a long sliding distance, the patients with a short sliding distance demonstrate superior outcomes in postoperative femoral neck shortening and functional recovery of the hip, but no significant difference in the incidence of complications.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the Magpie-bridge Microskin Grafting (hereinafter briefly referred to as Magpie-bridge surgery) in treating linear white scars (LWS).Methods:This study was a retrospective cohort study. From October 2022 to December 2023, 37 LWS patients were treated with the Magpie-bridge surgery at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, including 9 males and 28 females, aged 25 (17, 36) years. All scars were <2 mm in width and 1–10 cm in length before surgery. Magpie-bridge surgery procedure: an electric punch was used to excise scar tissue at intervals to form wounds and harvest microskin grafts of the same size and thickness as the removed scar tissue from behind the ear or axillary apex. The microskin grafts were implanted at the wound sites and fixed with tension-reducing adhesive tape. The donor area wounds were treated with routine dressing changes. Twelve months after the first surgery, the efficacy was evaluated based on the degree of reduction in scar white area compared with that before the first surgery, and the treatment effectiveness rate was calculated. Before the first surgery and 12 months after the first surgery, the melanin scores of the normal skin area surrounding the scar and the scar area were evaluated using a skin imaging analysis system, and the difference between the two was calculated. Six of the aforementioned patients requested a second Magpie-bridge surgery in pursuit of better therapeutic effects. The white scar tissue left untreated during the first surgery (hereinafter referred to as untreated scar tissue) and the tissue from the site at 12 months post scar removal and microskin transplantation (hereinafter referred to as the recipient skin tissue at 12 months after the first surgery) were collected. The tissue structure, melanin quantity and distribution were examined by using hematoxylin eosin staining and Masson-Fontana staining, and the activity of tyrosinase positive melanocytes was observed by using immunofluorescence staining.Results:At 12 months after the first surgery, the results of efficacy evaluation showed that 24 cases were cured, 11 cases were improved, 1 case was ineffective, and 1 case was in a worsened condition, yielding a 94.6% (35/37) treatment effectiveness rate. The melanin score difference between the surrounding normal skin area of scar and the scar area was 0.45 (0.10, 1.65) at 12 months after the first surgery, which was significantly less than 2.50 (1.40, 5.96) before the first surgery ( Z=-5.02, P<0.05). Six patients had untreated scar tissue with flat epidermis and a flat junction between dermis and epidermis; the collagen fiber bundles in the dermis were thick and unidirectionally parallel; no skin appendages such as hair follicles were observed; the basal layer of the epidermis showed deposition of melanin particles, but no extensive depigmentation was observed. Compared with those of untreated scar tissue, the epidermal thickness increased, and epidermal protrusions appeared at the junction of dermis and epidermis of the recipient skin tissue at 12 months after the first surgery; hair follicles and sebaceous glands were visible, and collagen fibers in the dermis were arranged vertically and horizontally in an orderly manner. Melanin particles were deposited in the basal layer of the epidermis, and the melanin content per unit area of tissue was increased. Tyrosinase-positive melanocytes in untreated scar tissue and in the recipient skin tissue at 12 months after the first surgery were mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis, with normal cell activity and no significant difference. Conclusions:The Magpie-bridge surgery can significantly improve the appearance of LWS in patients, with definite therapeutic effects and value for clinical promotion; the improvement of LWS appearance by Magpie-bridge surgery may be related to the increase of melanin content per unit area of tissue and the normalization of tissue structure.

Objective:To explore the spousal correlations of total cholesterol(TC),total triglyceride(TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and to investigate the reasons behind these spousal correlations.Methods:Participants and data were from the baseline survey of family-based cohort studies in Fangshan,Beijing and Tulou,Fujian.The ori-gin of spousal correlations were explored from perspectives of convergence,assortative mating,social ho-mogamy.Pearson's correlation and generalized linear models(GLM)were used to estimate the spousal correlation.Convergence was assessed by Pearson's correlation between the phenotypic differences be-tween couples and the duration of marriage,with GLM used for further validation.Pearson's correlation of genetic risk scores(GRS)and couple-specific Mendelian randomization(MR)were calculated to assess the genetic correlation and possible causal relationships between spouses.Two-independent-sample t-tests were used to compare GRS consistency across subgroups divided by education attainment,couple-specific MR and Q statistics used to test assortative mating in subgroups and intergroup differences.Results:In the study,342 couples(287 couples from Fangshan and 55 couples from Fujian)were included,with the average age of(64.91±8.76)years.Spousal correlations of TC,TG,HDL-C,and LDL-C showed statistically significant associations both before and after adjusting for covariates,with effect sizes of 0.229(95％CI:0.125-0.327),0.257(95％CI:0.155-0.354),0.179(95％CI:0.074-0.280),and 0.181(95％CI:0.076-0.282).For convergence,for each additional year of marriage,ΔTC increased by 0.016 mmol/L(95％CI:0.001-0.033 mmol/L),and ΔLDL-C increased by 0.017 mmol/L(95％CI:0.002-0.031 mmol/L).For assortative mating,GRS correlations and results of couple specific MR didn't show any statistical significance.For social homogamy,no differences in GRS or assortative mating were found between subgroups stratified by education attainment.Conclusion:The blood lipid in participants exhibit spousal phenotypic correlations,however,no effects of convergence,assortative mating or social homogamy were observed.More independent studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to further validate these findings in the future.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence, comorbidity patterns, and associated factors of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) in China.Methods:From 2012 to 2015, a total of 34 994 residents aged ≥35 years were enrolled using a stratified multistage random sampling method across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China. Data were collected through questionnaires, covering demographic characteristics, behavioral and lifestyle factors, and self-reported history of cardiometabolic diseases. CMM was defined as the coexistence of two or more cardiometabolic diseases in the same individual. Association rule analysis using the Apriori algorithm from the arules package was employed to identify strong CMM patterns. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to explore factors associated with CMM.Results:The mean age of the participants was 55.6 years. Among them, 15 926 were male (45.51%). The prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) was 11.25% (3 937/34 994). A total of 35 distinct CMM combinations (each with a frequency ≥10) were identified. The most prevalent dyad, triad, and tetrad comorbidity patterns were hypertension+hyperlipidemia (1 036 cases), hypertension+hyperlipidemia+diabetes (352 cases), and hypertension+stroke+hyperlipidemia+diabetes (54 cases), respectively. Nine strong CMM patterns were identified using the Apriori association rule algorithm. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that older age (≥70 years: OR=17.39,95% CI 13.92-21.71, P<0.01), junior high school education ( OR=1.31, 95% CI 1.17-1.48, P<0.01), senior high school or above education ( OR=1.45, 95% CI 1.27-1.65, P<0.01), retirement ( OR=3.09, 95% CI 2.76-3.46, P<0.01), unemployment or being laid-off ( OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.28, P<0.01), a family history of cardiometabolic disease ( OR=4.37, 95% CI 4.04-4.72, P<0.01), regular smoking ( OR=1.38, 95% CI 1.24-1.53, P<0.05), and occasional smoking ( OR=1.21, 95% CI 1.00-1.49, P<0.01) were significantly associated with an increased risk of CMM. Conclusion:The prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in China is relatively high, with the most common comorbidity patterns involving combinations of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, often accompanied by diabetes and stroke. Older age, retirement status, smoking, and a family history of cardiovascular disease are associated with an increased risk of both single and multiple cardiometabolic conditions. Greater attention should be paid to individuals with a single cardiometabolic disorder due to their elevated risk of developing multimorbidity.