Objective:To determine the reference interval of IL-10 level in cerebrospinal fluid of adults using multiplex bead-based flow fluorescent immunoassay(MBFFI).Methods:A total of 743 patients without tumor were involved and grouped by diagno-sis.Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma IL-10 were tested by MBFFI.Results:①Cerebrospinal fluid IL-10 levels of the central nervous system infection group were higher than those of other groups.②The cranial venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)group without tumor,in-fection or inflammatory disease were chosen as nearly normal population.As the distribution of cerebrospinal fluid IL-10 levels in these 250 CVST patients were skewed,95％cut-off level was chosen as upper limit and cerebrospinal fluid IL-10<3.50 pg/ml was the refer-ence interval.③No correlation was found between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid IL-10 levels in the CVST group.Conclusion:The medical reference interval of cerebrospinal fluid IL-10 by MBFFI in adults are determined in this study,that is<3.50 pg/ml,to pro-vide clinical reference for practical applications.

Objective:To determine the reference interval of IL-10 level in cerebrospinal fluid of adults using multiplex bead-based flow fluorescent immunoassay(MBFFI).Methods:A total of 743 patients without tumor were involved and grouped by diagno-sis.Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma IL-10 were tested by MBFFI.Results:①Cerebrospinal fluid IL-10 levels of the central nervous system infection group were higher than those of other groups.②The cranial venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)group without tumor,in-fection or inflammatory disease were chosen as nearly normal population.As the distribution of cerebrospinal fluid IL-10 levels in these 250 CVST patients were skewed,95％cut-off level was chosen as upper limit and cerebrospinal fluid IL-10<3.50 pg/ml was the refer-ence interval.③No correlation was found between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid IL-10 levels in the CVST group.Conclusion:The medical reference interval of cerebrospinal fluid IL-10 by MBFFI in adults are determined in this study,that is<3.50 pg/ml,to pro-vide clinical reference for practical applications.

Virtual clinical trials are clinical trials conducted through computer simulation technology, which breaks through the limitations of traditional clinical trials and has the advantages of saving time, reducing costs, and reducing the risk of human trials. With the application of new computer technologies such as population pharmacokinetics, physiologically-based pharmacokinetics, quantitative systems pharmacology, and artificial intelligence, the field of virtual clinical trials in healthcare has become an important development direction. This article will give a preliminary review of the connotation, methods and future development trends of virtual clinical trials, aiming to provide reference for the application of new technologies and methods in clinical trials.

Population pharmacokinetics is a research technique based on computer simulation and data analysis, and it has been employed to investigate the dynamic behavior of drug metabolism in different populations. This approach could address practical challenges such as prolonged clinical trial durations, high costs, and increased difficulty in traditional clinical trials. By comprehensively analyzing differences in the internal drug metabolism processes across populations with varying physiological and pathological conditions, population pharmacokinetics has emerged as an effective method to optimize drug development and clinical applications. This article provides a preliminary overview of the essence of population pharmacokinetics, its application in clinical trials, and potential future trends. We hope to serve as a reference and guidance for the application of new technologies and methods in clinical trials.

Objective:To analyze the 5-year relative survival rate of cancer in Henan province based on cancer registration data.Methods:Cancer survival data were extracted from the cancer registration database of Henan province with the diagnosis date between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019 were included. The closing date of follow-up was set as December 31, 2019. The 5-year relative survival rate of cancer was calculated using the period survival analysis method and the Ederer II method in the R package "periodR", and the interest period was between 2015 and 2019.Results:During the period of 2015-2019, the overall 5-year relative survival rate of cancer patients in Henan province was 43.6%, and after age-standardization, it was 40.2%. The overall 5-year relative survival rate showed the characteristics of higher survival rate in females than males (45.9% vs 34.7%, Z=39.60, P＜0.001) and higher survival rate in urban areas than rural areas (44.9% vs 39.1%, Z=12.97, P＜0.001). The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer patients among children aged 0-14 was 60.2%, and for adults aged 15 and above, it was 43.5%, which was standardized to 40.2% after age adjustment. There are two types of cancers with a standardized 5-year relative survival rate exceeding 70% (thyroid cancer at 82.2% and breast cancer at 71.6%), and four cancers with a rate below 30% (pancreatic cancer at 18.2%, liver cancer at 19.6%, lung cancer at 24.0%, and gallbladder cancer at 26.6%). Conclusion:The cancer 5-year survival rate in Henan Province is lower than that of the national average, indicating the need for continued enhancement of cancer prevention and control measures.

Objective:To analyze the 5-year relative survival rate of cancer in Henan province based on cancer registration data.Methods:Cancer survival data were extracted from the cancer registration database of Henan province with the diagnosis date between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019 were included. The closing date of follow-up was set as December 31, 2019. The 5-year relative survival rate of cancer was calculated using the period survival analysis method and the Ederer II method in the R package "periodR", and the interest period was between 2015 and 2019.Results:During the period of 2015-2019, the overall 5-year relative survival rate of cancer patients in Henan province was 43.6%, and after age-standardization, it was 40.2%. The overall 5-year relative survival rate showed the characteristics of higher survival rate in females than males (45.9% vs 34.7%, Z=39.60, P＜0.001) and higher survival rate in urban areas than rural areas (44.9% vs 39.1%, Z=12.97, P＜0.001). The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer patients among children aged 0-14 was 60.2%, and for adults aged 15 and above, it was 43.5%, which was standardized to 40.2% after age adjustment. There are two types of cancers with a standardized 5-year relative survival rate exceeding 70% (thyroid cancer at 82.2% and breast cancer at 71.6%), and four cancers with a rate below 30% (pancreatic cancer at 18.2%, liver cancer at 19.6%, lung cancer at 24.0%, and gallbladder cancer at 26.6%). Conclusion:The cancer 5-year survival rate in Henan Province is lower than that of the national average, indicating the need for continued enhancement of cancer prevention and control measures.

Experiential teaching is a practical, reflective, and situational teaching method. Based on the systematic review of literature published worldwide, this paper summarizes the characteristics and organizational forms of experiential teaching, with a focus on its current application and existing problems in teaching geriatric nursing. This review provides suggestions for the reform of teaching methods of geriatric nursing in China.

Objective:To investigate the effects of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 2(B4GALT2)on the proliferation,migration and invasion of human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells,and to explore its underlying mechanism.Methods:The mRNA and protein expression of B4GALT2 in breast cancer tissues was analyzed using data from TCGA database and the CPTAC proteomics database.Immunohistochemical staining was used to validate the expression of B4GALT2 protein in breast cancer tissues of Chinese population.The correlation between B4GALT2 mRNA expression in breast cancer tissues and patient prognosis was analyzed using data from the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database.MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were routinely cultured and transfected with siNC,siRNA#1,siRNA#2,empty vector,and B4GALT2 overexpression plasmids using transfection reagents.The transfected cells were classified as NC group,siRNA#1 group,siRNA#2 group,empty vector group,and OE-B4GALT2 group accordingly.CCK-8 assay and clone formation assay were used to detect the effects of B4GALT2 knockdown on proliferation of transfected cells.Scratch healing assay and Transwell chamber assay were applied to evaluate the effects of B4GALT2 knockdown on cell migration and invasion.WB assay was used to detect the phosphorylation levels of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in MCF-7,MDA-MB-231 cells after B4GALT2 knockdown or overexpression.Results:B4GALT2 was highly expressed in breast cancer tissues at both mRNA and protein levels(both P<0.01),and B4GALT2 protein was also highly expressed in Chinese breast cancer tissues(P<0.000 1),confirming the initial findings.High B4GALT2 expression was significantly associated with shorter overall prognosis(OS),recurrence-free survival(RFS),and post-progression survival(PPS)(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.001)in patients.After B4GALT2 knockdown,the proliferation,migration and invasion of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were significantly suppressed(all P<0.01),and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was significantly inhibited(all P<0.01).The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was significantly activated after B4GALT2 overexpression(all P<0.01).Conclusion:B4GALT2 is highly expressed in breast cancer tissues.It promotes the malignant biological behaviors of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Based on the research results of aspiration in patients with dysphagia after ischemic stroke at home and abroad, this paper reviews the definition, detection methods, and risk factors of aspiration and emphasizes the incidence rate and severity of this disease. The authors conclude that preventing aspiration can decrease the incidence rate of aspiration pneumonia, change the clinical outcome of patients, and thereby save medical resources.

Objective:To investigate the effects and mechanisms of copper transporter 1 (CTR1) in radiation induced intestinal injury in vitro. Methods:Human small intestinal epithelial cells (HIEC) were irradiated with 2, 4, 6, 8 Gy of X-rays and rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were irradiated with 5, 10, 15, 20 Gy of X-rays. At 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after irradiation, the expression of CTR1 was detected by Western blot assay. In some experiments, HIEC and IEC-6 cells were transfected with CTR1 shRNA and then exposed to X-rays. Copper levels were detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The radiosensitivity of cells was verified by colonogenic assay, the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage were detected to further explore the related mechanism. In addition, Western blot was applied to detect the expressions of antioxidants and cuproptosis associated proteins in enterocytes after silencing CTR1 or irradiation.Results:The expression of CTR1 was increased by X-ray irradiation in a dose-dependent manner ( t=3.53, 3.45, 6.37, 11.11, 11.13, P<0.05). CTR1 expression was successfully diminished by CTR1 shRNA adenovirus vectors. According to the survival curves, the enhancement ratios of the radiosensitivity of HIEC and IEC-6 cells with CTR1 knocking-down were 1.146 and 1.201, respectively. Radiation-induced copper accumulation was alleviated after CTR1 silencing in IEC-6 cells ( t=3.10, P<0.05). At 0.5 h after irradiation, the ROS production in the CTR1 knockdown group was significantly lower than that in the control group ( t=5.23, 2.96, P<0.05). At 1 h after irradiation, the protein expression of γ-H2AX in the CTR1 knockdown group was obviously lower than that in the control group ( t=7.50, 4.29, P<0.05). The expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased after irradiation, which could be further increased after CTR1 silencing. In addition, cuproptosis associated protein DLAT, LIAS and FDX1 were reduced post-irradiation, which were recovered after CTR1 silencing. Conclusions:The radioresistance of HIEC and IEC-6 cells was enhanced after CTR1 silencing, possibly through the intracellular ROS and cuproptosis pathway.