BACKGROUND:The sports medicine community has widely called for the use of machine learning technology to efficiently process the huge and complicated sports data resources,and construct intelligent sports injury prediction models,enabling accurate early warning of sports injuries.It is of great significance to comprehensively summarize and review such research results so as to grasp the direction of early warning model improvement and to guide the construction of sports injury prediction models in China. OBJECTIVE:To systematically review and analyze relevant research on sports injury prediction models based on machine learning technology,thereby providing references for the development of sports injury prediction models in China. METHODS:Literature search was conducted on CNKI,Web of Science and EBSCO databases,which mainly searched for literature related to machine learning techniques and sports injuries.Finally,61 articles related to sports injury prediction models were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In terms of external risk feature indicators,there is a lack of competition scenario indicators,and the inclusion of related feature indicators needs to be further improved to further enrich the dimensions of the dataset for model training.In addition,the inclusion feature weighting methods of the sports injury prediction model are mainly based on filtering methods and the use of embedding and wrapping weighting methods needs to be strengthened in order to enhance the analysis of the interaction effects of multiple risk factors.(2)In terms of model body training,supervised learning algorithms become the mainstream choice.Such algorithms have higher requirements for the completeness of sample labeling information,and the application scenarios are easily limited.Therefore,the application of unsupervised and semi-supervised algorithms can be increased in the later stage.(3)In terms of model performance evaluation and optimization,the current studies mainly adopt two verification methods:HoldOut crossover and k-crossover.The range of AUC values is(0.76±0.12),the range of sensitivity is(75.92±11.03)%,the range of specificity is(0.03±4.54)%,the range of F1 score is(80.60±10.63)%,the range of accuracy is(69.96±13.10)%,and the range of precision is(70±14.71)%.Data augmentation and feature optimization are the most common model optimization operations.The accuracy and precision of the current sports injury prediction model are about 70%,and the early warning effect is good.However,the model optimization operation is relatively single,and data augmentation methods are often used to improve model performance.Further adjustments to the model algorithm and hyperparameters are needed to further improve model performance.(4)In terms of model feature extraction,most of the internal risk profile indicators included are mainly based on anthropometrics,training load,years of training,and injury history,but there is a lack of sports recovery and physical function indicators.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of silent information regulatory protein （SIRT6）/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） pathway in regulating the reprogramming of glucose metabolism in ulcerative colitis （UC） and the mechanism of intervention of Shaoyaotang. MethodsForty-eight c57bL/6 mice were randomly divided into a blank group， a model group， a Mesalazine group （0.42 g·kg^-1）， a Shaoyaotang group （31.08 g·kg^-1）， an inhibitor group （OSS-128167， 50 mg·kg^-1）， and an inhibitor + Shaoyaotang group （50 mg·kg^-1 OSS-128167 + 31.08 g·kg^-1 Shaoyaotang）. A UC model was established by the administration of 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium （DSS） solution for mice in other groups for 7 d， except for the blank group. The mice in each group were treated with saline， Mesalazine， Shaoyaotang， inhibitor， and inhibitor + Shaoyaotang， respectively， for 7 d. The mice were necropsied 24 h after the last administration of the drug. The blood was collected from the orbital region， and colon tissue was taken. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes in colon tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was employed to detect serum interleukin （IL）-10， IL-17， and IL-6 levels. A biochemical method was used to detect glucose and lactate dehydrogenase A （LDHA） levels. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was employed to detect IL-22 and transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁） levels in colon tissue， and Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） were used to detect relative protein and mRNA expressions of SIRT6， HIF-1α， and LDHA. ResultsCompared with those of the blank group， disease activity index （DAI） scores of mice in the model group and inhibitor group were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The length of colon tissue was significantly shortened， and colon tissue was congested and eroded. The pathohistological scores were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The levels of serum inflammatory factors IL-17 and IL-6 were significantly elevated， and the levels of IL-10 were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The protein expressions of IL-22 and TGF-β₁ were significantly reduced in colon tissue （P<0.01）. The relative protein and mRNA expressions of SIRT6 were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and the relative protein and mRNA expressions of HIF-1α and LDHA and the contents of glucose and lactate were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. The level of inflammation in the colon of the mice in the inhibitor group was more severe than that in the model group （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Mesalazine group， the Shaoyaotang group， and the inhibitor + Shaoyaotang group showed reduced colonic injury， significant decrease in serum IL-17 and IL-6， significant increase in IL-10 （P<0.01）， significant increase in the protein expressions of IL-22 and TGF-β₁ in colon tissue （P<0.01）， significant increase in the protein expressions of SIRT6 and the relative mRNA expressions （P<0.01）， and significant reduction in the protein expressions of HIF-1α and LDHA， the relative mRNA expressions， and the contents of glucose and lactate （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the Shaoyaotang group， the serum IL-17 and IL-6 were significantly increased， and IL-10 was significantly decreased in the inhibitor + Shaoyaotang group （P<0.01）. The protein expressions of IL-22 and TGF-β₁ in colon tissue were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The expressions of SIRT6 protein and the relative mRNA expressions were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The protein expressions of HIF-1α and LDHA， the relative mRNA expressions， and the contents of glucose and lactate were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. However， the difference between the Shaoyaotang group and the Mesalazine group was not significant. ConclusionShaoyaotang can effectively treat DSS-induced mice with UC through the SIRT6/HIF-1α pathway， and its mechanism of action may be related to the regulation of the SIRT6/HIF-1α pathway and glucose metabolism reprogramming and the inhibition of glycolysis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of silent information regulatory protein （SIRT6）/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） pathway in regulating the reprogramming of glucose metabolism in ulcerative colitis （UC） and the mechanism of intervention of Shaoyaotang. MethodsForty-eight c57bL/6 mice were randomly divided into a blank group， a model group， a Mesalazine group （0.42 g·kg^-1）， a Shaoyaotang group （31.08 g·kg^-1）， an inhibitor group （OSS-128167， 50 mg·kg^-1）， and an inhibitor + Shaoyaotang group （50 mg·kg^-1 OSS-128167 + 31.08 g·kg^-1 Shaoyaotang）. A UC model was established by the administration of 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium （DSS） solution for mice in other groups for 7 d， except for the blank group. The mice in each group were treated with saline， Mesalazine， Shaoyaotang， inhibitor， and inhibitor + Shaoyaotang， respectively， for 7 d. The mice were necropsied 24 h after the last administration of the drug. The blood was collected from the orbital region， and colon tissue was taken. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes in colon tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was employed to detect serum interleukin （IL）-10， IL-17， and IL-6 levels. A biochemical method was used to detect glucose and lactate dehydrogenase A （LDHA） levels. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was employed to detect IL-22 and transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁） levels in colon tissue， and Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） were used to detect relative protein and mRNA expressions of SIRT6， HIF-1α， and LDHA. ResultsCompared with those of the blank group， disease activity index （DAI） scores of mice in the model group and inhibitor group were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The length of colon tissue was significantly shortened， and colon tissue was congested and eroded. The pathohistological scores were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The levels of serum inflammatory factors IL-17 and IL-6 were significantly elevated， and the levels of IL-10 were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The protein expressions of IL-22 and TGF-β₁ were significantly reduced in colon tissue （P<0.01）. The relative protein and mRNA expressions of SIRT6 were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and the relative protein and mRNA expressions of HIF-1α and LDHA and the contents of glucose and lactate were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. The level of inflammation in the colon of the mice in the inhibitor group was more severe than that in the model group （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Mesalazine group， the Shaoyaotang group， and the inhibitor + Shaoyaotang group showed reduced colonic injury， significant decrease in serum IL-17 and IL-6， significant increase in IL-10 （P<0.01）， significant increase in the protein expressions of IL-22 and TGF-β₁ in colon tissue （P<0.01）， significant increase in the protein expressions of SIRT6 and the relative mRNA expressions （P<0.01）， and significant reduction in the protein expressions of HIF-1α and LDHA， the relative mRNA expressions， and the contents of glucose and lactate （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the Shaoyaotang group， the serum IL-17 and IL-6 were significantly increased， and IL-10 was significantly decreased in the inhibitor + Shaoyaotang group （P<0.01）. The protein expressions of IL-22 and TGF-β₁ in colon tissue were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The expressions of SIRT6 protein and the relative mRNA expressions were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The protein expressions of HIF-1α and LDHA， the relative mRNA expressions， and the contents of glucose and lactate were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. However， the difference between the Shaoyaotang group and the Mesalazine group was not significant. ConclusionShaoyaotang can effectively treat DSS-induced mice with UC through the SIRT6/HIF-1α pathway， and its mechanism of action may be related to the regulation of the SIRT6/HIF-1α pathway and glucose metabolism reprogramming and the inhibition of glycolysis.

Due to its synergistic effects and reduced side effects, combination therapy has become an important strategy for treating complex diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the "monarch, minister, assistant, envoy" compatibilities theory provides a systematic framework for drug compatibility and has guided the formation of a large number of classic formulas. However, due to the complex compositions and diverse mechanisms of action of TCM, it is difficult to comprehensively reveal its potential synergistic patterns using traditional methods. Synergistic prediction based on molecular compatibility theory provides new ideas for identifying combinations of active compounds in TCM. Compared to resource-intensive traditional experimental methods, artificial intelligence possesses the ability to mine synergistic patterns from multi-omics and structural data, providing an efficient means for modeling and optimizing TCM combinations. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of AI in the synergistic prediction of TCM active compounds and explores the challenges and prospects of its application in modeling combination relationships, thereby contributing to the modernization of TCM theory and methodological innovation.
Artificial Intelligence ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Drug Synergism

Objective To analyze the differences in clinical indicators between malignant insulinoma and benign in-sulinoma,in order to provide diagnostic and therapeutic insights for the early detection and diagnosis of malignant insulinoma.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in patients diagnosed and treated for insulinoma at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2018 to June 2022.Among them,10 cases were diagnosed as malignant insulinoma.Twenty cases of benign insulinoma patients matched for age,sex,and body mass index(BMI),were randomly selected.Statistical analysis was performed to compare the differences between malignant and benign insulinomas.Results 1)Compared to benign insulinoma,malignant insulinoma showed significantly ele-vated C-peptide(CP)and C-peptide to glucose ratio(CPGlu)during hypoglycemia(blood glucose＜3.0 mmol/L)[6.04(3.40,6.76)vs 1.68(1.39,2.47)ng/mL,P＜0.05),2.25(1.12,3.58)vs 0.74(0.54,1.54),P＜0.05].The tumor diameter(DIA)was larger(1.9±0.6 vs 1.4±0.3 cm,P＜0.05),and the insulin level at 300 minutes(INS300)during the 5-hour oral glucose tolerance test(5 h OGTT)was significantly elevated(30.47±5.67 vs 9.67±3.32)μIU/mL,P＜0.01).Levels of blood tumor markers AFP,CEA,and CA724 were also increased(P＜0.05).2)Correlation analysis indicated that CP,CPGlu,DIA,INS300,AFP,CEA,and CA724 were positively correlated with malignant insulinoma during hypoglycemia.3)The ROC curve analysis suggested that the optimal cut-off points for distinguishing malignant from benign insulinomas were CP 2.49 ng/mL,CPGlu 1.31,DIA 1.85 cm,and INS300 20.22 μIU/mL,respectively.Conclusions In clinical practice,if an insulinoma patient has a CP level higher than 2.49 ng/mL and a tumor diameter larger than 1.9 cm during hypoglycemia,the possibility of malignant insulinoma should be considered,warranting further examinations and enhanced follow-up.Persistent elevation of AFP,CEA,and CA724 may indicate malignant insulinoma.

Objective To analyze the relationship between expression level of protein O-fucosyltransferase 1(POFUT1)and tumor immune infiltration level and prognosis of patients,and explore the value of POFUT1 in tumor immunotherapy.Methods Based on the pan-cancer data,R software was used to analyze the changes in POFUT1 expression levels of various tumor tissues and their correlation with the risk ratio of various tumor patients,and screen for tumor types related to patient prognosis and POFUT1 expression.Through the String database,a protein interaction network was constructed,POFUT1-associated genes were screened,and functional enrichment analysis was performed.The estimate software package was used to analyze the correlation between POFUT1 expression and immune infiltration score in selected tumor tissues.The TIMER database was used to analyze the correlation between the expression level of POFUT1 and various levels of immune cell infiltration,and the correlation between the infiltration level of immune cells and the prognosis of patients.Results The expression levels of POFUT1 were significantly high in 14 types of tumors(P<0.05),and were associated with poor prognosis of low-grade gliomas,lung adenocarcinoma,and thyroid cancer(Hazard Ratio>1,P<0.05).POFUT1 and its associated genes were highly involved in Notch signaling pathway,lymphocyte activation and immune regulation processes.The expression level of POFUT1 was positively correlated with the infiltration degree of B cells,CD8+T cells,CD4+T cells,macrophages,neutrophils and dendritic cells in low-grade gliomas,as well as positively associated with the infiltration level of neutrophils in LUAD,and B cells,CD4+ T cells and macrophages in thyroid cancer(|r|>0.2,P<0.05).The high infiltration levels of the above 6 types of immune cells were correlated with the poor prognosis of patients with low-grade glioma(Hazard Ratio>1,P<0.05).Conclusion POFUT1 was highly involved in the process of immune regulation,affecting the immune infiltration level of some tumors and further influencing patient prognosis.It may have the potential to become a target for tumor immunotherapy.

[Objective]To present Professor HE Ruoping's clinical experience in treating esophageal cancer.[Methods]Through the follow-up study,relevant medical cases were collected,organized and analyzed to describe the clinical experience of Professor HE Ruoping in the treatment of esophageal cancer in terms of the etiology and mechanism of the disease,and the rules and methods of treatment.A medical record was attached as evidence.[Results]Professor HE Ruoping believes that the pathogenic characteristic of esophageal cancer is a deficiency in origin and an enrichment in symptom.Deficiency in origin indicates weakness in Zang and Fu,while enrichment in symptom suggests there're Qi stagnation,phlegm,blood stasis and hot toxin."Strengthen healthy Qi,eliminate pathogens,and treat according to the symptoms"is the therapeutic approach used to treat esophageal cancer.The aim is to strengthen Zang and Fu,specifically the spleen,stomach and kidney.Treatments for anti-cancer mainly include moving Qi and dissipating mass,eliminating phlegm and removing blood stasis,clearing heat and toxin,etc.It emphasizes that the elimination of pathogenic factors should be carried out in an appropriate manner and should not hurt the body's positive Qi.Treating according to the symptoms means treating patients with various kinds of uncomfortable symptoms after surgery,radiotherapy and local stent placement to improve their quality of life.In the attached medical case,the above three principles were carried through the whole treatment process,and achieved good therapeutic effect.[Conclusion]By expounding the principle of"strengthen healthy Qi,eliminate pathogens and treat diseases according to the symptoms",it has summarized Professor HE Ruoping's clinical experience in the treatment of esophageal cancer,which is of some significance for the clinical treatment of this disease.

Objective·To investigate the potential causal relationship between type l diabetes and colorectal cancer by using Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods·Two-sample bidirectional MR was used to investigate the causal relationship between type 1 diabetes and colorectal cancer.All research data were collected from the IEU Open GWAS Project database.The dataset of type l diabetes included 9 266 cases and 15 574 controls,with correlation analysis in 12 783 129 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs);the dataset of colorectal cancer included 5 657 cases and 372 016 controls,with correlation analysis in 29 999 696 SNPs.The instrumental variables SNPs were screened.The results derived from the inverse-variance weighted(IVW)method were used as the main indicator of effect.The results derived from other four methods,namely MR-Egger regression,weighted median,simple mode,and weighted mode,were used as reference.Sensitivity was analyzed with the leave-one-out method.Heterogeneity was analyzed with Cochran's Q test by using both IVW and MR-Egger methods.Pleiotropy was analyzed with MR-pleiotropy function,and Steiger test was used for directional research.The colocation analysis was used to find out whether the causal relationship between type 1 diabetes and colorectal cancer was caused by the same SNP.The genetic correlation between 2 diseases was analyzed by using the linkage disequilibrium score regression(LDSC).All tests were analyzed by using R language software(version 4.3.1).Results·After being screened,a total of 33 instrumental variables(SNPs)were used.The heterogeneity test results showed that there was heterogeneity among the SNPs(IVW and MR-Egger:P＜0.05),so the effect evaluation was based on the results of the random effect model.MR analysis showed that type 1 diabetes had a significant causal effect on colorectal cancer(P＜0.05)by using IVW,MR-Egger,weighted median and weighted mode.Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable.Pleiotropy was not detected in pleiotropy test(P＞0.05).Steiger test showed that the effect of type l diabetes on colorectal cancer was not interfered with by the reverse effect.Reverse MR analysis showed no causal effect of colorectal cancer on type l diabetes(P＞0.05).The results of colocalization analysis showed that the probability of H4 hypothesis was 45.7％,and the causal relationship between the 2 diseases was not caused by the same SNP in the gene sequences.LDSC analysis demonstrated that there was no genetic correlation between the two diseases.Conclusion·Type 1 diabetes may promote colorectal cancer,but colorectal cancer has no effect on type 1 diabetes.

Objective To investigate the expression and prognostic significance of serum protease C1 inhib-itor(SERPING1)and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1(SERPINE1)in patients with sepsis.Methods A total of 132 patients with sepsis treated in the hospital from March 2018 to March 2020 were se-lected as the sepsis group.According to whether they died within 28 days of admission,they were divided into a death group(n=34)and a survival group(n=98).Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the expression of serum SERPING1 and SERPINE1.Multivariate Logistic regression model and receiver oper-ating characteristic curve were used to study the value of serum SERPING1 and serpine1 in evaluating the prognosis of patients'death.Results[Compared with the control group,serum SERPING1(331.12±51.80 ng/L vs.639.04±91.12 ng/L)was lower and serum serpine1(412.67±64.84 ng/L vs.42.33±10.32 ng/L)was higher in the sepsis group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).[Compared to the survival group,the levels of serum SERPINE1,procalcitonin,C-reactive protein,Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA)score in the death group were higher,while serum SERPING1 was lower,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Serum SERPING1 showed negative correlation with APACHE Ⅱ and SOFA scores(r=-0.779,-0.653,P＜0.05),while serum SERPINE1 showed positive correlation with APACHE Ⅱ and SO-FA scores(r=0.740,0.685,P＜0.05).APACHE Ⅱ score,SOFA score,and serum SERPINE1 were risk fac-tors affecting the prognosis of sepsis patients,while serum SERPING1 was a protective factor.The area under the curve of serum SERPING1 and SERPINE1 combined for the evaluation of the death in sepsis patients was 0.938(95％CI:0.893-0.968),which was significantly higher than 0.860(95％CI:0.812-0.899)and 0.838(95％CI:0.781-0.868)of the single detection,and the differences were statistically significant(Z=3.861,4.015,P＜0.001).Conclusion The elevated levels of serum SERPING1 and SERPINE1 in patients with sepsis are related to the severity of the patient's condition.The combination of the two has high prognos-tic value for sepsis patients.

Objective:To construct a program for improving care ability of caregivers for children with home enteral tube feeding (HETF) based on timing theory, and explore its preliminary effects.Methods:Based on the framework of timing theory and literature review, intervention measures to improve the care ability of caregivers for children with HETF were extracted and summarized to form a preliminary program draft. Fourteen caregivers with experience in caring for children with HETF were subjected to qualitative interviews to supplement the content of the program, and the program was revised through expert meetings to form the final draft. Non-synchronous control method was adopted, and 89 children with HETF and 89 caregivers of them admitted to the Children's Hospital of Fudan University from March 2022 to February 2023 were continuously included as study subjects. The children and their caregivers included from March to August 2022 were in control group ( n=42), and the children and their caregivers included from September 2022 to February 2023 were in intervention group ( n=47), and the plan was preliminarily applied. Family Caregiver Task Inventory (FCTI) was used to evaluate the impact of the program on improving caregiver care ability. Age specific body weight z-values, height specific body weight z-values, and complications were used to evaluate the impact of the program on the growth and development of children and the incidence of tube feeding complications. The data was collected at the time of enrollment and one, two, and three months after discharge. Results:There were 66 children who completed the whole study, including 33 children in the control group and the intervention group, and 33 caregivers in each group. The application results showed that the total score of FCTI in the intervention group decreased from (25.91±2.94) at enrollment to (5.85±2.60) at three months after discharge, while the total score of FCTI in the control group decreased from (26.12±4.34) at enrollment to (12.52±3.60) at three months after discharge, and the total score of FCTI in both groups decreased over time. At one, two, and three months after discharge, the total FCTI score of the intervention group was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). At three months after discharge, the incidence of complications in children with HETF in the intervention group was lower than that in the control group with a statistical difference ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The program for improving care ability of caregivers for children with HETF based on timing theory is scientific and provides basis for the management of home tube feeding of children.