Recent studies have confirmed that the meningeal lymphatic system (MLS), a functional lymphatic network, exists in the dura mater of the central nervous system (CNS). It can connect to the peripheral lymphatic system and remove metabolic wastes from the CNS. MLS discovery has overturned the traditional view that the brain is an "immune-exempt" organ and provides a new perspective for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. This article reviews the discovery, anatomical structure, and physiological functions of MLS, and deeply explores the mutual regulation mechanism between MLS and immune system and its key role in AD occurrence and development, aiming to provide new ideas for AD treatments targeting MLS.

Recent studies have confirmed that the meningeal lymphatic system (MLS), a functional lymphatic network, exists in the dura mater of the central nervous system (CNS). It can connect to the peripheral lymphatic system and remove metabolic wastes from the CNS. MLS discovery has overturned the traditional view that the brain is an "immune-exempt" organ and provides a new perspective for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. This article reviews the discovery, anatomical structure, and physiological functions of MLS, and deeply explores the mutual regulation mechanism between MLS and immune system and its key role in AD occurrence and development, aiming to provide new ideas for AD treatments targeting MLS.

Objective: To access the influence of voice disorders on children′s voice-related quality of life through the parental version of pediatric voice handicap index (pVHI). Methods: From April 2017 to March 2018, a total of 192 children with voice disorders (dysphonic group) and 111 children without voice disorders (control group) were enrolled in this work. Parents of children in both groups were asked for fill out the questionnaire containing the parental version of pVHI and the data of non-normal distribution were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman test was used for correlation analysis. Results: (1)Vocal cord nodule was the most common voice disorder in children, and boys were more susceptible to voice disorder than girls in this study (70.3%(135/192) vs 29.7%(57/192)). (2)The most common voice abuse or misuse habit was "Shouting loudly". (3)In dysphonic group, the scores of function, physiology, emotion and total were higher than those in control group (all P<0.05). (4)In dysphonic group, there was a weak correlation between the parents′ overall evaluation of the children′s voice status and the three dimensions of the parental version of pVHI (function: r=0.339, physiology: r=0.334, emotion: r=0.208, all P<0.001). Conclusions Voice disorders can cause a negative impact on children′s quality of life. Parental version of pVHI can be used to assess the voice-related quality of life in children with voice disorders.

Vocal cord leukoplakia is a clinical diagnosis defined as a whitish patch or a plaque on a mucosal surface. Because of the diversity of histopathological types, the complexity and unpredictability risks for malignant transformation, there are still many controversies about its histopathological classification, diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this article is to review the epidemiology, etiology, pathological classification, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of vocal cord leukoplakia.

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological features and prognosis of white lesion of vocal cord. Methods: One hundred and fifty-four cases of white lesion of vocal cord from January 2009 to February 2016 were retrospectively analysed. All the patients had undergone the resection of white lesion of vocal cord resection through retaining laryngoscope under general anesthesia with the specimens pathologically examined. Results: There were 148 males and 6 females in this study. The ages ranged from 36 to 83 years, and the median age was 54.5.There were 103(66.88%) long-term smokers, and 64(41.56%) long-term drinkers. Postoperative pathology showed that chronic mucosal inflammation in 19 cases (12.34%), squamous epithelial hyperplasia in 56 cases(36.36%), mild dysplasia in 25 cases(16.23%), moderate dysplasia in 34 cases(22.08%), severe dysplasia in 12 cases(7.79%), carcinoma in situ in 6 cases(3.90%), and invasive carcinoma in 2 cases(1.30%). The recurrence rate and canceration rate of chronic mucosal inflammation were 0. The recurrence rate of squamous epithelial hyperplasia was 10.71%, the canceration rate was 0.The recurrence rate of mild dysplasia was 8.00%, the canceration rate was 0. The recurrence rate of moderate dysplasia was 20.59%, the canceration rate was 8.82%. The recurrence rate of severe dysplasia was 25.00%, the canceration rate was 16.67%. Conclusions White lesion of vocal cord is a predominantly male disease. Long-term smokering and drinking are one of common causes. The final diagnosis of white lesion of vocal cord relies on the pathology. Closed observation is necessary for theses dysplasia cases. The majority of which are benign, the operation effect is good.

Carcinoma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Larynx ; pathology

Carcinoid Tumor ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Ear, Middle ; Humans ; Pharynx