Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR), known as Banxia in Chinese, Hange in Japanese, and Banha in Korean, is a renowned herbal medicine in East Asia derived from the dry tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (PT). It is extensively utilized in dispensing granules, classical prescriptions, and herbal formulas to treat various conditions, including cough, infection, phlegm, nausea, asthma, and inflammation. Despite numerous studies on PR and its classical prescriptions over recent decades, a comprehensive synthesis of available evidence regarding its multifunctional roles and therapeutic potential is lacking. This review aims to address this gap by examining emerging evidence from metabonomics, preclinical studies, and clinical trials, while exploring potential trends and prospects for future research. A systematic literature search was conducted across six electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, to identify relevant articles on PR published until March 2023. PR contains 107 compounds with diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-asthma, antitussive and expectorant, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-microbial, emetic and anti-emetic, anti-convulsant and anti-epileptic, sedative and hypnotic, learning and memory enhancement, and anti-depressant effects. Metabonomic studies suggest that raw PR may exhibit cardiotoxicity and pregnancy toxicity while showing no apparent hepatorenal toxicity. However, limited pharmacokinetic investigations on PR constrain its clinical translation. Furthermore, clinical safety data on PR is scarce, with only four clinical trials assessing its positive effects in pediatric epilepsy, nausea and vomiting, soft tissue injury, and chronic sinus tract. This review aims to enhance understanding of PR and provide valuable information and recommendations for further research and development of herbal medicine.
Humans ; Pinellia/chemistry* ; Animals ; Ethnopharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Phytochemicals/chemistry* ; Rhizome/chemistry*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of reconstruction of phonatory function by using a tubular free flap from upper-lateral upper arm to repair the laryngotracheal circumferential defect after near-total laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 7 patients who underwent near-total laryngectomy between June 2021 and October 2023, aged from 48 to 70 years (median, 59 years), 6 males and 1 female. The disease duration ranged from 1 to 11 months, with a median of 6 months. Pathological diagnosis of preoperative biopsy was squamous cell carcinoma. Tumor classification: glottic type in 5 cases, supraglottic type in 1 case, transglottic type in 1 case; TNM staging: T ₄N ₀M ₀ in 6 cases, T ₄N ₂M ₀ in 1 case; American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging in 2017 was stage Ⅳ. Preoperative MRI angiography of upper arm was performed to investigate the blood supply in the upper and lateral regions of the upper arm. After near-total laryngectomy and bilateral neck lymph node dissection, the area of the laryngotracheal defect was measured. A free flap measuring 7.0 cm×5.0 cm to 8.0 cm×7.0 cm was harvested from the upper-lateral upper arm, rolled into a tube shape, and connected between the stump of the cervical trachea in the neck root and that of the epiglottis at the tongue base. Four patients received adjuvant radiochemotherapy, 1 patient received radiochemotherapy and targeted therapy, 2 patients adopted no further adjuvant treatment. RESULTS: All 7 patients were followed-up 1-2 years (mean, 1 year and 3 months). Four patients had primary wound healing, 2 patients had minor pharyngeal fistulas that healed after dressing change, 1 patient experienced pharyngeal fistula because of flap necrosis and the wound still healed without secondary surgery. All patients took food orally within 1 month after operation, and the tracheal cannula was retained. Six patients with survived flap gradually adapted to their new pronunciation mode and obtained satisfactory phonatory function from 15 days to 2 months after operation. Four patients had slight aspiration after operation. Till the end of the follow-up, all patients survived and no local recurrence or distant metastasis had been observed. The motor function of the upper arm was not affected, only partial sensory loss occurred in the area near the incision. The scar of the incision could be covered by the short sleeve so as to obtain a better aesthetic effect. CONCLUSION Using a tubular free flap from upper-lateral upper arm to repair the laryngotracheal circumferential defect after near-total laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer can achieve satisfactory phonatory restoration while preserve the motor function and aesthetics of the donor site.
Humans ; Laryngectomy/methods* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Laryngeal Neoplasms/surgery* ; Aged ; Free Tissue Flaps ; Retrospective Studies ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery* ; Phonation ; Arm/surgery* ; Neck Dissection

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.006.].

This study constructed a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)NADC30-like strain GP3 recombinant adenovirus vector vaccine through in vitro homologous re-combination to explore its immunological efficacy evaluation at the mouse level.Using type 5 ade-novirus as a vector,a recombinant adenovirus expressing PRRSV GP3 protein was prepared and i-dentified in vitro by fluorescence observation,PCR,and Western blot analysis.Immunize mice with recombinant adenovirus and detect humoral and cellular immune responses induced by recombi-nant adenovirus using indirect ELISA and ELISpot methods.The recombinant adenovirus rAdGP3 was identified by enzyme digestion,PCR,fluorescence and Western blot,indicating that the recom-binant adenovirus rAdGP3 was successfully constructed and packaged.After immunizing mice,spe-cific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies were produced,indicating that the recombinant adenovi-rus could elicit strong humoral immunity.ELISpot and lymphocyte proliferation assays showed that the recombinant adenovirus vaccine could stimulate the secretion of IFN-γ-specific T lymphocytes and induce the proliferation of lymphocytes,indicating that the recombinant adenovi-rus could enhance the level of cellular immune response.In this study,rAdGP3 recombinant adeno-virus was successfully constructed and had good immunogenicity at the mouse level,which provid-ed a reference for the development of novel PRRSV vaccines.

This study identified the types and pathogen carrying status of fleas on the surface of sheep in some areas of southern Xinjiang,and analyzed the genetic evolution differences with respect to related pathogens.The aim was to provide a reference for the local prevention and control of fleas and insect borne infectious diseases.A total of 1 586 fleas were collected from agricultural and pas-toral areas of Tumushuke City and Hotan Prefecture.Flea species were identified on the basis of morphology and the Pulex irritans mi-tochondrial COII gene.Flea DNA was extracted,and PCR was conducted to amplify the Bartonella gltA gene;Arsenophonus,Ana-plasma,Ehrlichia,and Wolbachia 16S rRNA genes;RickettsiaOmpA,17kDa,16S rRNA genes,and Yersinia pestis 16S rDNA gene.The amplified products were sequenced,and the homology of the genes of the three detected pathogens(gltA gene of Bartonella,16S rRNA gene of Wolbachia,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum)with respect to known corresponding genes of the same pathogen in Gen-Bank was analyzed.Phylogenetic trees were constructed with the adjacency method in MEGA 11.0.According to morphological and mo-lecular biology identification results,all fleas collected in this study were Pulex irritans.PCR indicated that the target gene fragments had been added to the mitochondrial COII,BartonellagltA,Wolbachia,and autophagosomal 16S rRNA genes of human fleas,all of which were consistent with the expected fragment sizes.Target bands were not amplified from Ehrlichia,Arsenophonus,spotted fever group Rickettsia,and Yersinia pestis.According to homology and genetic evolution analysis of human flea mitochondrial COII and the corresponding genes of the above-described pathogens,the COX2 gene(ON455234.1)of human fleas in Tumushuke city and Iran ob-tained in this study showed the highest homology(99.84%).The COII gene(NC_063709.1)of human fleas in Hetan City and Hunan region showed the highest homology(100%).Our findings further confirmed that the flea species was Pulex irritans.The PCR amplifi-cation results indicated that the collected Pulex irritans carried multiple pathogens,among which Bartonella and Wolbachia had the highest infection rates,and the infection rate with Anaplasma phagocytophilum was relatively low.This study is the first to discover flea species on the surface of sheep in some areas of southern Xinjiang.Our findings preliminarily confirmed that Bartonella,Wolba-chia,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the main Pulex irritans pathogens.

Recent studies have confirmed that the meningeal lymphatic system (MLS), a functional lymphatic network, exists in the dura mater of the central nervous system (CNS). It can connect to the peripheral lymphatic system and remove metabolic wastes from the CNS. MLS discovery has overturned the traditional view that the brain is an "immune-exempt" organ and provides a new perspective for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. This article reviews the discovery, anatomical structure, and physiological functions of MLS, and deeply explores the mutual regulation mechanism between MLS and immune system and its key role in AD occurrence and development, aiming to provide new ideas for AD treatments targeting MLS.

This study identified the types and pathogen carrying status of fleas on the surface of sheep in some areas of southern Xinjiang,and analyzed the genetic evolution differences with respect to related pathogens.The aim was to provide a reference for the local prevention and control of fleas and insect borne infectious diseases.A total of 1 586 fleas were collected from agricultural and pas-toral areas of Tumushuke City and Hotan Prefecture.Flea species were identified on the basis of morphology and the Pulex irritans mi-tochondrial COII gene.Flea DNA was extracted,and PCR was conducted to amplify the Bartonella gltA gene;Arsenophonus,Ana-plasma,Ehrlichia,and Wolbachia 16S rRNA genes;RickettsiaOmpA,17kDa,16S rRNA genes,and Yersinia pestis 16S rDNA gene.The amplified products were sequenced,and the homology of the genes of the three detected pathogens(gltA gene of Bartonella,16S rRNA gene of Wolbachia,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum)with respect to known corresponding genes of the same pathogen in Gen-Bank was analyzed.Phylogenetic trees were constructed with the adjacency method in MEGA 11.0.According to morphological and mo-lecular biology identification results,all fleas collected in this study were Pulex irritans.PCR indicated that the target gene fragments had been added to the mitochondrial COII,BartonellagltA,Wolbachia,and autophagosomal 16S rRNA genes of human fleas,all of which were consistent with the expected fragment sizes.Target bands were not amplified from Ehrlichia,Arsenophonus,spotted fever group Rickettsia,and Yersinia pestis.According to homology and genetic evolution analysis of human flea mitochondrial COII and the corresponding genes of the above-described pathogens,the COX2 gene(ON455234.1)of human fleas in Tumushuke city and Iran ob-tained in this study showed the highest homology(99.84%).The COII gene(NC_063709.1)of human fleas in Hetan City and Hunan region showed the highest homology(100%).Our findings further confirmed that the flea species was Pulex irritans.The PCR amplifi-cation results indicated that the collected Pulex irritans carried multiple pathogens,among which Bartonella and Wolbachia had the highest infection rates,and the infection rate with Anaplasma phagocytophilum was relatively low.This study is the first to discover flea species on the surface of sheep in some areas of southern Xinjiang.Our findings preliminarily confirmed that Bartonella,Wolba-chia,and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the main Pulex irritans pathogens.

This study constructed a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)NADC30-like strain GP3 recombinant adenovirus vector vaccine through in vitro homologous re-combination to explore its immunological efficacy evaluation at the mouse level.Using type 5 ade-novirus as a vector,a recombinant adenovirus expressing PRRSV GP3 protein was prepared and i-dentified in vitro by fluorescence observation,PCR,and Western blot analysis.Immunize mice with recombinant adenovirus and detect humoral and cellular immune responses induced by recombi-nant adenovirus using indirect ELISA and ELISpot methods.The recombinant adenovirus rAdGP3 was identified by enzyme digestion,PCR,fluorescence and Western blot,indicating that the recom-binant adenovirus rAdGP3 was successfully constructed and packaged.After immunizing mice,spe-cific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies were produced,indicating that the recombinant adenovi-rus could elicit strong humoral immunity.ELISpot and lymphocyte proliferation assays showed that the recombinant adenovirus vaccine could stimulate the secretion of IFN-γ-specific T lymphocytes and induce the proliferation of lymphocytes,indicating that the recombinant adenovi-rus could enhance the level of cellular immune response.In this study,rAdGP3 recombinant adeno-virus was successfully constructed and had good immunogenicity at the mouse level,which provid-ed a reference for the development of novel PRRSV vaccines.

Recent studies have confirmed that the meningeal lymphatic system (MLS), a functional lymphatic network, exists in the dura mater of the central nervous system (CNS). It can connect to the peripheral lymphatic system and remove metabolic wastes from the CNS. MLS discovery has overturned the traditional view that the brain is an "immune-exempt" organ and provides a new perspective for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. This article reviews the discovery, anatomical structure, and physiological functions of MLS, and deeply explores the mutual regulation mechanism between MLS and immune system and its key role in AD occurrence and development, aiming to provide new ideas for AD treatments targeting MLS.

A major impedance to neuronal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury(PNI)is the activation of various programmed cell death mechanisms in the dorsal root ganglion.Ferroptosis is a form of pro-grammed cell death distinguished by imbalance in iron and thiol metabolism,leading to lethal lipid peroxidation.However,the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in the context of PNI and nerve regeneration remain unclear.Ferroportin(Fpn),the only known mammalian nonheme iron export protein,plays a pivotal part in inhibiting ferroptosis by maintaining intracellular iron homeostasis.Here,we explored in vitro and in vivo the involvement of Fpn in neuronal ferroptosis.We first delineated that reactive oxygen species at the injury site induces neuronal ferroptosis by increasing intracellular iron via accelerated UBA52-driven ubiquitination and degradation of Fpn,and stimulation of lipid peroxidation.Early administration of the potent arterial vasodilator,hydralazine(HYD),decreases the ubiquitination of Fpn after PNI by binding to UBA52,leading to suppression of neuronal cell death and significant ac-celeration of axon regeneration and motor function recovery.HYD targeting of ferroptosis is a promising strategy for clinical management of PNI.