Objective To explore the nephrotoxic effects of exposure to perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and its mechanism in mice, with a particular focus on analyzing the changes in kidney metabolism and their potential implications. Methods The specific pathogen free C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, low-dose group, and high-dose group, with 10 mice in each group. Mice in the three groups received intragastric administration of PFBA solution at doses of 0, 35 and 350 mg/kg body weight, once per day for seven consecutive days. The histopathological changes of kidneys of mice in these three groups were evaluated. Metabolomic profiling of mouse kidneys was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified based on the Human Metabolome Database, and related metabolic pathways were analyzed through MetaboAnalyst 6.0 and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Results Histopathological analysis of kidneys showed that the renal pelvis mucosa of mice in the low-dose group presented focal mild inflammatory changes without marked structural damage, whereas mice in the high-dose group showed severe inflammation and partial destruction of renal structure. The kidney coefficient of mice in both low-dose group and the high-dose group decreased (both P<0.05), and the Paller scores of renal tissues increased (both P<0.05) compared with that in the control group. The Paller score of mouse renal tissue in the high-dose group was higher than that in the low-dose group (P<0.05). Metabolomic profiling identified 46 DAMs (26 upregulated, 20 downregulated) in the low-dose group and 104 DAMs (54 upregulated, 50 downregulated) in the high-dose group, with 26 shared DAMs between the two dose groups. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that DAMs were mainly involved in metabolic pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, sphingolipid and steroid hormone synthesis. Conclusion Acute exposure to PFBA can cause kidney injury in mice. Lipid metabolism pathways such as glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism is involved in the development of acute renal toxicity of PFBA.

Objective To establish an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ) in human plasma and urine. Methods Plasma and urine samples (0.3 mL each) were mixed with 0.9 mL acetonitrile and dichloromethane, vortexed, and subjected to ultrasonic treatment to facilitate extraction. After centrifugation, the extract was collected, evaporated to dry powder under nitrogen, and reconstituted. Separation was performed on a C18 column, and detection was carried out using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry with external standard quantification. Results 6PPDQ showed good linearity in the range of 0.01-25.00 μg/L in both human plasma and urine, with correlation coefficients of 0.999 5 and 0.999 7, respectively. The detection limits for plasma and urine were 8 and 6 ng/L, and the lower limits of quantification were 27 and 19 ng/L, respectively. The average recovery rates were 97.00%-100.00% for plasma and 90.00%-96.50% for urine. The within-run relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 4.35%-10.00% for plasma and 2.34%-11.11% for urine, while the between-run RSDs were 6.80%-8.46% and 2.60%-10.00%, respectively. Samples can be stored for seven days at 4 ℃ or -20 ℃. respectively. Samples can be stored for seven days at 4 ℃ or -20 ℃. Matrix effects ranged from 87.12%-99.27% for plasma and 91.00%-97.56% for urine. Conclusion The proposed method is simple, highly sensitive, and reproducible, and is suitable for the determination of 6PPDQ in human plasma and urine samples.

Perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) is a representative short-chain compound of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which is widely used in fluorochemical manufacturing, food packaging, and outdoor textile processing industries. PFBA primarily enters into the human body via oral intake, inhalation, and dermal exposure and can be efficiently metabolized. PFBA exhibits cytotoxicity by disrupting cell proliferation, inducing oxidative stress, and disturbing lipid metabolism, thereby impairing cellular homeostasis. In addition, PFBA can induce abnormal activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-dependent and/or independent pathways, leading to lipid metabolism disorders and subsequent liver injury. Animal studies have demonstrated that PFBA exposure alters renal biochemical parameters and induces epidermal inflammation, abnormal keratinization, and even necrosis, suggesting potential nephrotoxicity and dermal toxicity. PFBA is capable of crossing the placental barrier, and PFBA levels in umbilical cord blood have been negatively correlated with insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. Moreover, plasma PFBA levels in patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 have been associated with infection severity, indicating potential reproductive, developmental, and immunotoxic effects. At present, systematic occupational and environmental exposure monitoring data for PFBA remain limited, the toxic mechanisms in certain target organs have not been fully elucidated, and the molecular regulatory networks underlying reproductive and immune toxicity remain unclear. Future research should focus on improving PFBA monitoring strategies, strengthening studies on PFBA occupational exposure detection methods, toxic effects and mechanisms, and refining occupational risk assessment systems, to provide a scientific basis for establishing occupational exposure limits, optimizing risk management strategies, and safeguarding public health.

Dust and chemical substances are widely present occupational hazards in workplaces. Long-term exposure to dust and chemical substances can pose serious threats to workers′ health. Owing to their advantages in real-time detection, rapid response, and high accuracy, online monitoring technologies enable continuous measurement and analysis of the concentration and composition of dust and chemical substances in workplaces. These technologies provide timely and effective data support for the prevention and control of occupational diseases and have become an important protective tool in the field of occupational hazard. Current online monitoring technologies for workplace dust mainly include the tapered element oscillating microbalance method, light scattering method, β-ray method, triboelectric charging, video exposure monitoring, and ultrasonic methods. Online monitoring devices for workplace chemical substances are still in the early stages of development. However, this equipment has been partially applied in environmental monitoring, covering methods such as spectral analysis, electrochemical sensors, cataluminescence sensors, and intelligent sensing systems. In the future, the development of online dust monitoring technology should focus on overcoming technical bottlenecks to improve detection accuracy and exploring the synergistic effects of different technologies to compensate for the limitations of single methods. Meanwhile, online monitoring technologies for chemical substances should aim to develop integrated detection systems that combine high precision, real-time performance, low cost, and stability.

By combing the physiological characteristics of wind and fire， the article makes it clear that wind and fire are evils， and external wind is easy to attack and even worse when it encounters fire； burnt and moving fire evils set off internal winds； and the incitement of each other can lead to the occurrence of palpitations. From the perspective of the theory of "wind and fire inciting each other"， the clinical diagnosis and treatment of palpitation is discussed， which clarifies that there is an internal and external distinction between wind and fire， and there is an internal and external distinction between the real and the imaginary， which should be carefully distinguished in the diagnosis and treatment of palpitation. In the treatment， wind medicine can be skillfully applied to drive away the wind evil to calm the internal and external， and it is also necessary to clearly identify the source of the fire evil and properly choose the corresponding treatment for the fire evil in order to extinguish the burnt fire. As the positive qi exists and the evil will not dry up， we should not forget to take care of the heart in the treatment. An example of a medical case is attached in order to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of palpitation.

Objective:To analyze the international status and level of clinical trial quality in China, and explore the advantages and value of scientific regulation of clinical research quality in China.Methods:The data is sourced from the relevant reports publicly released by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), the inspection reports and announcements published by the Center for Food and Drug Inspection of the NMPA, the inspection data displayed on the official website of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines issued by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) of United States and the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) (data as of July 21, 2023). This data provides an analysis of the regulatory status of the implementation of clinical drug trials in China, inspection data, and the approval and market entry of new oncology drugs and feedback from their practical application.Results:The clinical trial quality inspection systems of China and the United States are generally aligned, with similar inspection subjects, focus areas, and public disclosure pathways. However, each has its characteristics in terms of inspection targets and types. The quality of clinical trial data in China has been continuously improving. Between 2009-2015 and 2016-July 2023, China underwent 25 and 20 FDA Bioresearch Monitoring (BIMO) inspections, respectively. The inspection results showing "No Action Indicated" (NAI) improved from 48.0% to 85.0%, while "Voluntary Action Indicated" (VAI) decreased from 44.0% to 15.0%. Official Action Indicated (OAI) measures were required in 2009 and 2012. Compared to the 2009-2015 period, there has been a clear upward trend in the quality of clinical trial data since 2016. From 2016 to July 2023, the number of new oncology drugs developed by Chinese pharmaceutical companies and included in professional guidelines has steadily increased. Specifically, 37 drugs (58.7%) were included in the 2022 edition of the CSCO guidelines, and 15 drugs (23.8%) were included in the 2023 edition of the NCCN guidelines, with 10 of these drugs featured in both guidelines.Conclusions:The implementation quality of clinical trials in China has gained a certain level of international recognition and competitiveness. This progress is attributed to national macro-level guidance, a unique institutional model, and clinical practices aligned with international standards. In the future, it will be necessary to further strengthen the scientific regulatory system and enhance clinical research capabilities to continue advancing the high-quality development of clinical trials.

Metabolomics, including targeted metabolomics and non-targeted metabolomics, is a method to study endogenous small molecule metabolites in organisms. The process of metabolomics analysis generally includes sample collection and pre-treatment, sample detection, data preprocessing, metabolite identification, data statistical analysis, and others. At present, metabolomics technology has been applied to study toxicological mechanism of occupational hazards, early detection and diagnosis of occupational diseases, screening biomarkers of occupational exposure, and others. The application of metabolomics technology to explore the relationship between workers' metabolites and exposure to occupational hazardous, assess the potential impact of occupational exposure on workers' health, and search for ideal biomarkers or therapeutic targets is conducive to early warning and monitoring of occupational health hazards, and assistance in the early diagnosis and prognosis of occupational diseases.In the future, further research is needed in the field of occupational health using metabolomics to establish more complete and standardized workflows and experimental methods, combine big data technology to explore potential biomarkers, utilize metabolic information to provide precise occupational health services, and use artificial intelligence models for data mining and disease diagnosis in metabolomics.

Biotoxins, which include bacterial, fungal, marine, plant, and animal toxins, are widespread in living and occupational environments, posing potential threats to human health. Rapid detection of biotoxins in blood is crucial for preventing health hazards and enabling timely disease diagnosis and treatment. Biosensors and immunoassay technologies have critical advantages in the rapid detection of biotoxins in blood. Common biosensors, such as surface plasmon resonance biosensors and fluorescent biosensors, enhance sensitivity and reduce detection limits through signal amplification. Common immunoassay methods, such as colloidal gold immunochromatography, fluorescence immunochromatography, and chemiluminescence immunoassay, improve detection efficacy and sensitivity through specific antibody-antigen binding and nanotechnology. However, current rapid detection technologies of bitoxins in blood face challenges such as matrix interference and insufficient specificity, and they fall short in high-throughput detection of multiple toxins simultaneously. Future developments should focus on improving sample pretreatment, innovating signal amplification methods, enhancing specificity on recognition of elements, and designing portable detection devices and high-throughput platforms for simultaneous toxin analysis. These advancements aim to improve the sensitivity and reliability of detection methods, providing more accurate and convenient solutions for biotoxin detection in blood.

Objective:To analyze the international status and level of clinical trial quality in China, and explore the advantages and value of scientific regulation of clinical research quality in China.Methods:The data is sourced from the relevant reports publicly released by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), the inspection reports and announcements published by the Center for Food and Drug Inspection of the NMPA, the inspection data displayed on the official website of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines issued by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) of United States and the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) (data as of July 21, 2023). This data provides an analysis of the regulatory status of the implementation of clinical drug trials in China, inspection data, and the approval and market entry of new oncology drugs and feedback from their practical application.Results:The clinical trial quality inspection systems of China and the United States are generally aligned, with similar inspection subjects, focus areas, and public disclosure pathways. However, each has its characteristics in terms of inspection targets and types. The quality of clinical trial data in China has been continuously improving. Between 2009-2015 and 2016-July 2023, China underwent 25 and 20 FDA Bioresearch Monitoring (BIMO) inspections, respectively. The inspection results showing "No Action Indicated" (NAI) improved from 48.0% to 85.0%, while "Voluntary Action Indicated" (VAI) decreased from 44.0% to 15.0%. Official Action Indicated (OAI) measures were required in 2009 and 2012. Compared to the 2009-2015 period, there has been a clear upward trend in the quality of clinical trial data since 2016. From 2016 to July 2023, the number of new oncology drugs developed by Chinese pharmaceutical companies and included in professional guidelines has steadily increased. Specifically, 37 drugs (58.7%) were included in the 2022 edition of the CSCO guidelines, and 15 drugs (23.8%) were included in the 2023 edition of the NCCN guidelines, with 10 of these drugs featured in both guidelines.Conclusions:The implementation quality of clinical trials in China has gained a certain level of international recognition and competitiveness. This progress is attributed to national macro-level guidance, a unique institutional model, and clinical practices aligned with international standards. In the future, it will be necessary to further strengthen the scientific regulatory system and enhance clinical research capabilities to continue advancing the high-quality development of clinical trials.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with bacterial meningitis (BM) and provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of BM.Methods:The clinical data of BM children hospitalized in Women and Children′s Medical Center Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University from December 2019 to March 2022 were collected and retrospectively analyzed in this case series study.Cytokines in CSF of these children were detected at least twice during the treatment. t test, Mann-Whitney test or analysis of variance were carried out for statistical analysis. Results:There were 40 patients included in this study.The age of onset was 2(1, 8) months, ranging from 2 days to 8 years, and the length of time from onset to hospitalization was (15±17) days, ranging from 1 day to 69 days.The main symptoms at the onset were fever (40 cases, 100%), poor mental state (16 cases, 35.0%), convulsion (9 cases, 22.5%), and vomiting (9 cases, 22.5%).According to pathogens, the patients were divided into the Streptococcus agalactia group (GBS group, 9 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae group (SP group, 9 cases), other bacteria group (9 cases), and unknown bacteria group (13 cases).The levels of cytokines in the CSF of BM children were increased, along with significantly elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-8 within 1 st week of BM, followed by the peak at 2 nd-3 rd weeks, and then levels of IL-6 and IL-8 presented an overall decreasing trend with the progression of BM.The level of IL-6 in CSF of 10 cases significantly decreased in the 4 th week of BM [within 2 weeks: 773.5(164.1, 1 781.2) ng/L vs. 4 th week: 10.8(2.2, 21.1) ng/L, P=0.005].Such statistical differences didn′t occur to the level of IL-8 [within 2 weeks 182.9(33.6, 657.7) ng/L vs. 4 th week: 92.9(22.6, 226.6) ng/L, P=0.303].After effective antibiotic therapy, 6 patients had elevated white blood cell count in CSF during the 4 th-20 th weeks, with or without repeating intermittent fever.Among them, 4 cases of GBS and 1 case of SP were negative for pathogens in CSF during the retest after treatment, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 [(149.1-4 218.6) ng/L and (124.2-1 890.3) ng/L, respectively] in CSF were elevated.Low-dose glucocorticoid was administered for anti-inflammatory treatment, with additional gamma globulin for 1 case and Ibuprofen instead for 1 case.Subsequently, the fever completely subsided.The white blood cell count in CSF decreased significantly ( P=0.024). Conclusions:The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in CSF increase significantly in the acute phase of BM and generally decrease with the progression of BM.If they are still significantly elevated in the later course of BM, it should be noted that an intracranial hyperinflammatory response may occur, especially when the pathogenic bacteria are GBS or SP.