Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder characterized by long-term low mood, anhedonia, and may even lead to suicidal behavior. The development and progression of MDD involves a range of pathological alterations in the central nervous system, including dysfunction of synaptic transmission, hyper-activation of neuroinflammation, and diminished neurogenesis. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is highly expressed in brain regions associated with depression, and can regulate physiological activities such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and synaptic transmission efficacy. Hence, the TRPV1 channel should be implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and be considered as a promising candidate for antidepressant treatment. This paper provides an overview of the structure and function of TRPV1 channel, with a focus on elucidating the potential mechanism of action of TRPV1 channel in depression, and explores its research trajectory and development prospects in the context of depression therapy.

Objective To establish a classification tree model for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)among aircrews,screen for influencing factors of NAFLD,so as to provide scientific basis for prevention and intervention decisions for NAFLD.Methods Aircrews who underwent recuperation at a sanatorium from January 2019 to December 2023 were selected as the research objects.Their annual physical examination data were collected and the NAFLD detection rate was calculated.Age,body mass index(BMI),blood pressure,waist circumference,blood routine,biochemistry indexes,and thyroid function were incorporated,and a NAFLD risk model was constructed using classification regression tree method.The predictive performance of the NAFLD classification tree model was evaluated through model misclassification matrix,risk statistics,and receiver operating characteristic curve.Results A total of 4088 aircrews were included in the study,and NAFLD was detected in 380 persons(380/4088,9.30%).The NAFLD model consisted of three layers,and five explanatory variables affecting the onset of NAFLD were extracted,including BMI,triglycerides(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and total bilirubin(TBIL).BMI was located at the top of the classification tree and was the most important risk factor for NAFLD in aircrews.The area under the curve(AUC)of the model was 0.853.The predictive accuracy of NAFLD was 90.9%,indicating that the model has good accuracy and fitting effect.Conclusion In this study,the detection rate of NAFLD in aircrews was 9.30%.BMI,TG,HDL-C,ALT,and TBIL are risk factors for the onset of NAFLD.NAFLD is mainly related to weight gain and lipid metabolism disorders caused by unhealthy lifestyles.

Depressive disorder is a kind of mental disorder characterized by persistent and significant depressed mood, with complex etiology and high recurrence rate. At present, more precise and effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are still required. Increasing evidence suggests that hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and related pathways are involved in regulating the development and recovery of depression. HIF-1 enhances neuroplasticity, mitigates neuroinflammatory responses, alleviates oxidative stress, and modulates brain energy metabolism by influencing specific molecules associated with depression. This paper reviews pertinent domestic and international studies, examine the potential mechanisms of HIF-1 in the pathogenesis and progression of depression, and explore antidepressant treatment strategies targeting the HIF-1 signaling pathway. This article provides novel insights into elucidating the pathogenesis of depression and developing innovative therapeutic approaches.

Depressive disorder is a kind of mental disorder characterized by persistent and significant depressed mood, with complex etiology and high recurrence rate. At present, more precise and effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are still required. Increasing evidence suggests that hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and related pathways are involved in regulating the development and recovery of depression. HIF-1 enhances neuroplasticity, mitigates neuroinflammatory responses, alleviates oxidative stress, and modulates brain energy metabolism by influencing specific molecules associated with depression. This paper reviews pertinent domestic and international studies, examine the potential mechanisms of HIF-1 in the pathogenesis and progression of depression, and explore antidepressant treatment strategies targeting the HIF-1 signaling pathway. This article provides novel insights into elucidating the pathogenesis of depression and developing innovative therapeutic approaches.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder characterized by long-term low mood, anhedonia, and may even lead to suicidal behavior. The development and progression of MDD involves a range of pathological alterations in the central nervous system, including dysfunction of synaptic transmission, hyper-activation of neuroinflammation, and diminished neurogenesis. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is highly expressed in brain regions associated with depression, and can regulate physiological activities such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and synaptic transmission efficacy. Hence, the TRPV1 channel should be implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and be considered as a promising candidate for antidepressant treatment. This paper provides an overview of the structure and function of TRPV1 channel, with a focus on elucidating the potential mechanism of action of TRPV1 channel in depression, and explores its research trajectory and development prospects in the context of depression therapy.

Depression is a common debilitating disorder affecting over 300 million individuals worldwide, emphasizing the pressing need to develop novel treatment targets for this disorder. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely elucidated, and the currently available antidepressant treatments are suboptimal in terms of their efficacy and delayed onset of action. Thus, identifying and exploring new therapeutic avenues is of paramount importance. Recent clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that numerous bitter taste receptor type 2 members (Tas2Rs) agonists, including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, caffeine, humulones, and berberine, can significantly alleviate depressive symptoms in both human patients and animal models of depression. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of Tas2Rs agonists remain largely unknown. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence suggests that Tas2Rs agonists may modulate various signaling pathways and systems including neurotransmission, inflammation, brain-gut axis, and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, all of which are believed to be implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential mechanisms of Tas2Rs agonists in depression, It synthesizes current evidence regarding its involvement in neurotransmission, inflammation, brain-gut communication, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier function, and other relevant pathways. This review will not only provide a valuable foundation for future research on the therapeutic potential of Tas2Rs agonists for depressive disorders but also offer new insights into the understanding of the pathophysiology of depression and the development of novel treatment strategies for this disorder.

Major depressive disorder is a common mental disorder with high rate of disability and suicide rate, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Numerous studies indicate that energy metabolism is impaired in patients with depression, with the changes in the expression of critical genes that regulate mitochondrial homeostasis (mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission, and mitophagy). Mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to reduced ATP production, oxidative stress, and inflammation, plays a significant role in the onset and development of depression, but the mechanism is still uncertain, and conflicting research findings exist. This paper reviews the intrinsic connections and potential mechanism between mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance, dysfunction, and depression, from two aspects: mitochondrial imbalance and dysfunction. It also discusses the limitations of current research, providing insight into understanding the pathogenesis of depression and developing novel mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic strategies.

Objective:To provide references for the health management of thyroid nodules in naval flying personnel by analyzing the ultrasound characteristics of naval flying personnel with thyroid nodules.Methods:A total of 306 naval flying personnel, who were diagnosed as thyroid nodules in yearly health examination in the Third Sanatorium of Air Force Healthcare Center for Special Services Hangzhou from January of 2019 to December of 2021, were selected as the research subjects. They were divided into 3 groups by age (20-29 years, 30-39 years, ≥40 years), 2 groups by flying hours (<3 000 h, ≥3 000 h) and 3 groups by aircraft types (helicopter, transporter, fighter). The characteristics of thyroid nodule ultrasound images were retrospectively analyzed and the size, quantity and classification which defined in Chinese-thyroid imaging reporting and data system (C-TIRADS) of thyroid nodule were compared among the groups of different ages, flying hours, and aircraft types.Results:Among 306 naval flying personnel with thyroid noedules, 280 cases (91.50%) were small nodules (diameter <1 cm), 26 cases (8.50%) were large nodules (diameter ≥1 cm). One hundred and fifty-one cases (49.35%) were single nodules and 155 cases (50.65%) were multiple nodules. There were 135 cases (44.12%) with C-TIRADS grade 2 thyroid nodules, 158 cases (51.63%) with C-TIRADS grade 3 nodules, and 13 cases (4.25%) with C-TIRADS grade 4 nodules. There were significant differences in the size, number, classification of composition ratio of thyroid nodules among different age groups ( χ2=8.86, 5.94, 46.20, P=0.013, 0.051,<0.001). There were significant differences in the size and classification of composition ratio of thyroid nodules between different flying hours groups ( χ2=16.91, 24.35, both P<0.001). The proportion of C-TIRADS grade 4 nodules in the flying hours ≥3 000 h group was higher than that in the <3 000 h group, with a significant difference ( χ2=4.77, P=0.029).There were no significant differences in the size, number, classification of composition ratio of thyroid nodules among different aircraft types groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions:Age and flying hours have effects on size and classification of composition ratio of thyroid nodules in flying personnel, and age also has the effect on quantity. A scientific and systematic follow-up mechanism would be helpful to assess the risk of thyroid cancer and give early warning for the timely intervention.

Depression is a common debilitating disorder affecting over 300 million individuals worldwide, emphasizing the pressing need to develop novel treatment targets for this disorder. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely elucidated, and the currently available antidepressant treatments are suboptimal in terms of their efficacy and delayed onset of action. Thus, identifying and exploring new therapeutic avenues is of paramount importance. Recent clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that numerous bitter taste receptor type 2 members (Tas2Rs) agonists, including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, caffeine, humulones, and berberine, can significantly alleviate depressive symptoms in both human patients and animal models of depression. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of Tas2Rs agonists remain largely unknown. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence suggests that Tas2Rs agonists may modulate various signaling pathways and systems including neurotransmission, inflammation, brain-gut axis, and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, all of which are believed to be implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential mechanisms of Tas2Rs agonists in depression, It synthesizes current evidence regarding its involvement in neurotransmission, inflammation, brain-gut communication, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier function, and other relevant pathways. This review will not only provide a valuable foundation for future research on the therapeutic potential of Tas2Rs agonists for depressive disorders but also offer new insights into the understanding of the pathophysiology of depression and the development of novel treatment strategies for this disorder.

Major depressive disorder is a common mental disorder with high rate of disability and suicide rate, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Numerous studies indicate that energy metabolism is impaired in patients with depression, with the changes in the expression of critical genes that regulate mitochondrial homeostasis (mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission, and mitophagy). Mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to reduced ATP production, oxidative stress, and inflammation, plays a significant role in the onset and development of depression, but the mechanism is still uncertain, and conflicting research findings exist. This paper reviews the intrinsic connections and potential mechanism between mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance, dysfunction, and depression, from two aspects: mitochondrial imbalance and dysfunction. It also discusses the limitations of current research, providing insight into understanding the pathogenesis of depression and developing novel mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic strategies.