Chronic heart failure （CHF） represents the terminal stage of cardiovascular diseases， and its prevalence remains high in China. In this study， existing animal models of CHF were retrieved and categorized. In combination with the characteristics of CHF from traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and Western medicine perspectives， the models were weighted， and their clinical consistency was evaluated. The advantages and disadvantages of the models were assessed. Among them， models with higher TCM clinical consistency included the doxorubicin-induced model， the isoproterenol-induced model， and the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation model， each with a TCM consistency rate of 90%. The animal model established by the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation showed a high degree of clinical consistency with Western medicine， with a consistency rate of 82%. Each model exhibited its own advantages and disadvantages， with a general lack of modeling methods combining diseases and syndromes of TCM and Western medicine. At present， the inducement factors used for animal models are relatively singular， mainly reflecting the etiology and pathogenesis of Western medicine， with insufficient correlation to the pathogenesis of TCM. The characteristics of TCM syndromes are not fully represented， and the consistency between TCM and Western medicine is generally not high. TCM has the advantage of a multi-dimensional syndrome differentiation and treatment approach. It is necessary to integrate the characteristics of diseases and syndromes of TCM and Western medicine， adopt multi-factor modeling methods to reflect the pathological process of CHF， improve existing models， and establish animal models of CHF that better align with the characteristics of clinical diseases and syndromes of TCM and Western medicine， so as to provide a reliable reference for clinical prevention and treatment.

Chronic heart failure （CHF） represents the terminal stage of cardiovascular diseases， and its prevalence remains high in China. In this study， existing animal models of CHF were retrieved and categorized. In combination with the characteristics of CHF from traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and Western medicine perspectives， the models were weighted， and their clinical consistency was evaluated. The advantages and disadvantages of the models were assessed. Among them， models with higher TCM clinical consistency included the doxorubicin-induced model， the isoproterenol-induced model， and the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation model， each with a TCM consistency rate of 90%. The animal model established by the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation showed a high degree of clinical consistency with Western medicine， with a consistency rate of 82%. Each model exhibited its own advantages and disadvantages， with a general lack of modeling methods combining diseases and syndromes of TCM and Western medicine. At present， the inducement factors used for animal models are relatively singular， mainly reflecting the etiology and pathogenesis of Western medicine， with insufficient correlation to the pathogenesis of TCM. The characteristics of TCM syndromes are not fully represented， and the consistency between TCM and Western medicine is generally not high. TCM has the advantage of a multi-dimensional syndrome differentiation and treatment approach. It is necessary to integrate the characteristics of diseases and syndromes of TCM and Western medicine， adopt multi-factor modeling methods to reflect the pathological process of CHF， improve existing models， and establish animal models of CHF that better align with the characteristics of clinical diseases and syndromes of TCM and Western medicine， so as to provide a reliable reference for clinical prevention and treatment.

Objectives:To explore the trends of cardiovascular disease(CVD)burden in China from 1990 to 2021 and to provide a basis for the scientific development of corresponding preventive and curative measures.Methods:Based on the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,we conducted descriptive analyses of age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR),disability-adjusted life years(DALY)and other indicators of CVD in China.Indicators were descriptively analysed,trends in CVD burden were analysed using the Joinpoint regression model,the burden of CVD was decomposed according to demographic,ageing and epidemiological changes,and changes in the burden of CVD in 2040 were predicted using the Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model.Results:In 2021,the ASIR,ASPR,DALY and DALY rates of CVD in China were 811.81 per 100 000,6 603.72 per 100 000,100.2087 million person-years and 5 120.06 per 100 000,respectively.Compared to 1990,the ASIR,ASPR,and DALYs increased by 3.56%,9.62%,and 58.42%,respectively,while the DALYs rate decreased by 36.59%.Additionally,the burden of CVD was higher in males than in females;the ASIR increased rapidly for the first time in 1995-2005,the ASPR increased rapidly from 2000 to 2004,and the DALYs rate increased rapidly from 2000 to 2004,and DALYs rates were generally on a downward trend,but showed a rapid upward trend in 1998-2004.Population growth and aging are the main factors leading to changes in DALYs,43.73%and 172.31%,respectively;in 2021,hypertension and environmental particulate matter are the top two risk factors for CVD in China;projections show that the number of CVD incidence,disease,and cases of DALYs in China in 2040 will be 28.7901 million,226.6148 million,and 169.4057 million person-years,respectively,and the number of cases is on the upward trend.Conclusions:The burden of CVD in China increased overall from 1990 to 2021,and the burden was higher in men than in women,mainly due to population growth,aging,and risk factors.High systolic blood pressure remains the main cause of CVD.

Objectives:To explore the trends of cardiovascular disease(CVD)burden in China from 1990 to 2021 and to provide a basis for the scientific development of corresponding preventive and curative measures.Methods:Based on the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,we conducted descriptive analyses of age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR),disability-adjusted life years(DALY)and other indicators of CVD in China.Indicators were descriptively analysed,trends in CVD burden were analysed using the Joinpoint regression model,the burden of CVD was decomposed according to demographic,ageing and epidemiological changes,and changes in the burden of CVD in 2040 were predicted using the Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model.Results:In 2021,the ASIR,ASPR,DALY and DALY rates of CVD in China were 811.81 per 100 000,6 603.72 per 100 000,100.2087 million person-years and 5 120.06 per 100 000,respectively.Compared to 1990,the ASIR,ASPR,and DALYs increased by 3.56%,9.62%,and 58.42%,respectively,while the DALYs rate decreased by 36.59%.Additionally,the burden of CVD was higher in males than in females;the ASIR increased rapidly for the first time in 1995-2005,the ASPR increased rapidly from 2000 to 2004,and the DALYs rate increased rapidly from 2000 to 2004,and DALYs rates were generally on a downward trend,but showed a rapid upward trend in 1998-2004.Population growth and aging are the main factors leading to changes in DALYs,43.73%and 172.31%,respectively;in 2021,hypertension and environmental particulate matter are the top two risk factors for CVD in China;projections show that the number of CVD incidence,disease,and cases of DALYs in China in 2040 will be 28.7901 million,226.6148 million,and 169.4057 million person-years,respectively,and the number of cases is on the upward trend.Conclusions:The burden of CVD in China increased overall from 1990 to 2021,and the burden was higher in men than in women,mainly due to population growth,aging,and risk factors.High systolic blood pressure remains the main cause of CVD.

ObjectiveTo compare the therapeutic effects of oral Chinese medicines （including Chinese patent medicines） on coronary artery disease （CAD） by the Bayesian network Meta-analysis. MethodThe randomized controlled trials of treating CAD with oral Chinese medicines were retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data， VIP， PubMed， Web of Science， Embase， and Cochrane Library from the inception to December 1， 2022. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included articles. The direct meta-analysis was performed to compare the performance of oral Chinese medicines alone and in combination with Western medicine in the treatment of CAD in terms of intima-media thickness （IMT）， vascular endothelial function， plaque score， hypersensitive C-reactive protein （hs-CRP）， total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， and total response rate. Furthermore， the Bayesian network Meta-analysis was performed to compare the therapeutic effects of different Chinese medicines. ResultA total of 41 articles were included. The direct meta-analysis results showed that Chinese medicines combined with Western medicine outperformed Western medicine alone in recovering all the indicators of CAD. The Bayesian network meta-analysis yielded the following results. In terms of the total response rate， modified Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang and Sanqi Huayu pills had obvious advantages over other Chinese medicines. In terms of IMT and plaque score， Xiaoban Huazhuo decoction， Yiqi Tongluo formula， Ruangan Jiangzhi capsules， and Guanxin Shutong capsules had obvious advantages over other Chinese medicines. In terms of blood lipid indicators， Shenqi Roumai mixture， Ruangan Jiangzhi capsules， Xiaoban Huazhuo decoction， Qiwei Sanxiong decoction， and Sanqi Huayu pills were superior to other Chinese medicines. The Chinese medicines above mainly had the functions of activating blood， resolving stasis， resolving phlegm， and dredging vessels. ConclusionThe combination of oral Chinese medicines and Western medicine is effective in treating CAD. Clinicians can use the drugs targeting abnormal indicators according to the results of this Bayesian network meta-analysis combined with the actual situation of patients to achieve better therapeutic effects.