The complex rhythmic patterns of central pattern generator (CPG) and its response to electromagnetic induction are explored. The response of an individual neuron's discharge activity to electromagnetic induction is analyzed when the slow variable parameter changes,and it is found that the smaller the slow variable parameter,the stronger the neuron's response to electromagnetic induction. The simulation reveals that the discharge rhythm of CPG that are sequentially inhibited (neuron 1 inhibits 2,neuron 2 inhibits 3,and neuron 3 inhibits 1) has a stronger response to electromagnetic induction in synchronous states and is more robust in typical discharge states (3 neurons firing in sequence). In addition,the response of the discharge rhythm of CPG with mutual inhibition coupling structure to electromagnetic induction is discussed,and it is found that small changes in electromagnetic induction will fundamentally transform the discharge rhythm pattern of CPG.

A review of functional connectivity gradients in brain development and brain diseases is conducted.During brain development,the hierarchy of functional connectivity gradients from the sensorimotor network to the default mode network dynamically changes with age in children and adolescents,and its global indices are associated with cognitive development,while gradient dispersion in adulthood may be related to aging and cognitive decline.In terms of brain diseases,abnormal functional connectivity gradients exist in various diseases such as autism spectrum disorder,Alzheimer's disease,depression,epilepsy and schizophrenia.Functional connectivity gradients have important potential in accurately depicting brain developmental trajectories,early disease diagnosis,and promoting personalized treatment.In the future,it is necessary to combine multimodal imaging techniques to deeply explore the mechanisms of brain activity.

A review of functional connectivity gradients in brain development and brain diseases is conducted.During brain development,the hierarchy of functional connectivity gradients from the sensorimotor network to the default mode network dynamically changes with age in children and adolescents,and its global indices are associated with cognitive development,while gradient dispersion in adulthood may be related to aging and cognitive decline.In terms of brain diseases,abnormal functional connectivity gradients exist in various diseases such as autism spectrum disorder,Alzheimer's disease,depression,epilepsy and schizophrenia.Functional connectivity gradients have important potential in accurately depicting brain developmental trajectories,early disease diagnosis,and promoting personalized treatment.In the future,it is necessary to combine multimodal imaging techniques to deeply explore the mechanisms of brain activity.

The complex rhythmic patterns of central pattern generator (CPG) and its response to electromagnetic induction are explored. The response of an individual neuron's discharge activity to electromagnetic induction is analyzed when the slow variable parameter changes,and it is found that the smaller the slow variable parameter,the stronger the neuron's response to electromagnetic induction. The simulation reveals that the discharge rhythm of CPG that are sequentially inhibited (neuron 1 inhibits 2,neuron 2 inhibits 3,and neuron 3 inhibits 1) has a stronger response to electromagnetic induction in synchronous states and is more robust in typical discharge states (3 neurons firing in sequence). In addition,the response of the discharge rhythm of CPG with mutual inhibition coupling structure to electromagnetic induction is discussed,and it is found that small changes in electromagnetic induction will fundamentally transform the discharge rhythm pattern of CPG.

Objective: To investigate the expression of immunomarkers CK7, CK20, CK17, CDX2, MUC1 and MUC2 in primary adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, to explore the role of these markers in the histopathologic subclassification of ampullary carcinoma; and to provide biologic basis for precision treatment of patients with different types of ampullary carcinoma. Methods: Forty-two cases of primary ampullary carcinoma were collected at Peking University People′s Hospital, from 2012 to 2018 year. There were 22 males and 20 females. Aged range 42 to 88 years old, with mean aged (62±11) years. Among the patients, 6 was high differentiation, 19 median differentiation, and 17 low differentiation. Immunohistochemical studies on the expression of CK7, CK20, CK17, CDX2, MUC1 and MUC2 were performed in 42 cases of primary ampullary carcinoma. The relationship between different ampullary carcinoma subtypes and clinicopathologic survival data was analyzed using SPSS 16.0 statistical software. Results: Three histopathologic subtypes were observed. Among 42 cases, 8(19.0%)were classified as intestinal subtype, which showed a positive expression rate of 8/8 for both CK20 and CDX2, and 5/8 for MUC2. Both CK7 and CK17 were weakly expressed in one case (1/8). No expression was observed for MUC1 in this subtype. Twenty-two (52.4%,22/42) cases were classified as pancreaticobiliary subtype, which showed a positive expression rate of 100.0%(22/22) for both CK7 and MUC1, and 90.9% (20/22) for CK17. No expression was observed for CK20, CDX2 and MUC2.The remaining 12 (28.6%) cases were classified as mixed subtype, which showed variable expression patterns. The expression frequencies of these 6 immunomarkers in different subtypes of ampullary carcinoma did not correlate with various clinicopathologic factors such as patient gender and age, tumor size, histologic differentiation, pancreatic and bile duct invasion, or the depth of duodenal invasion. However, stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ diseases were more commonly seen in pancreaticobiliary type (63.6%,14/22) than intestinal type (2/8) and mixed type (3/9; χ²=6.508, P=0.039). Follow-up data showed a trend of better survival rate for patients with intestinal subtype than those with mixed and pancreaticobiliary subtypes. Conclusions Ampullary carcinoma can be subclassified into three different subtypes using a panel of six immunomarkers, especially for the identification of subtypes of poorly differentiated carcinoma. CK7, CK17 and MUC1 are major markers of pancreaticobiliary subtype, whereas CK20, CDX2 and MUC2 are useful markers for intestinal subtype. The mixed subtype variably expresses these markers. The prognosis of patients with intestinal subtype appears better than that of pancreaticobiliary and mixed subtypes. Accurate subtyping of ampullary carcinoma is clinically important to patient management and prognosis assessment.