Skeletal muscle dysfunction is a common extrapulmonary comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with decreased quality-of-life and survival in patients. The autophagy lysosome pathway is one of the proteolytic systems that significantly affect skeletal muscle structure and function. Intriguingly, both promoting and inhibiting autophagy have been observed to improve COPD skeletal muscle dysfunction, yet the mechanism is unclear. This paper first reviewed the effects of macroautophagy and mitophagy on the structure and function of skeletal muscle in COPD, and then explored the mechanism of autophagy mediating the dysfunction of skeletal muscle in COPD. The results showed that macroautophagy- and mitophagy-related proteins were significantly increased in COPD skeletal muscle. Promoting macroautophagy in COPD improves myogenesis and replication capacity of muscle satellite cells, while inhibiting macroautophagy in COPD myotubes increases their diameters. Mitophagy helps to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by removing impaired mitochondria in COPD. Autophagy is a promising target for improving COPD skeletal muscle dysfunction, and further research should be conducted to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which autophagy mediates COPD skeletal muscle dysfunction, with the aim of enhancing our understanding in this field.
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology* ; Autophagy/physiology* ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal/pathology* ; Mitophagy ; Animals ; Mitochondria/metabolism* ; Lysosomes

Based on the core collection retrieval of the Web of Science database,researches related to the medicinal field of plant-derived vesicles(PDVs)were retrieved.The research hotspots and their changes in the pharmaceutical field of PDVs are visually analyzed by using bibliometric software VOSviewer and CiteSpace.A detailed discussion is held around the author,institution,country,key research hotspots and annual develop-ment hotspots,revealing the current research status of PDVs in the pharmaceutical field and predicting future trends,which provides valuable perspectives for researchers to understand the current research status of PDVs in the pharmaceutical field and discover possible unexplored areas in this field.

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) strategies in COVID-19 patients differ from those in patients suffering from cardiogenic cardiac arrest. During CPR, both healthcare and non-healthcare workers who provide resuscitation are at risk of infection. The Working Group for Expert Consensus on Prevention and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest in COVID-19 has developed this Chinese Expert Consensus to guide clinical practice of CPR in COVID-19 patients. Main recommendations: 1) A medical team should be assigned to evaluate severe and critical COVID-19 for early monitoring of cardiac-arrest warning signs. 2) Psychological counseling and treatment are highly recommended, since sympathetic and vagal abnormalities induced by psychological stress from the COVID-19 pandemic can induce cardiac arrest. 3) Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE). 4) Mouth-to-mouth ventilation should be avoided on patients suspected of having or diagnosed with COVID-19. 5) Hands-only chest compression and mechanical chest compression are recommended. 6) Tracheal-intubation procedures should be optimized and tracheal-intubation strategies should be implemented early. 7) CPR should be provided for 20-30 min. 8) Various factors should be taken into consideration such as the interests of patients and family members, ethics, transmission risks, and laws and regulations governing infectious disease control. Changes in management: The following changes or modifications to CPR strategy in COVID-19 patients are proposed: 1) Healthcare workers should wear PPE. 2) Hands-only chest compression and mechanical chest compression can be implemented to reduce or avoid the spread of viruses by aerosols. 3) Both the benefits to patients and the risk of infection should be considered. 4) Hhealthcare workers should be fully aware of and trained in CPR strategies and procedures specifically for patients with COVID-19.

Taking Hangzhou Wenhui Subdistrict Community Health Service Center as an example,this article introduces the construction,service pattern and content of diabetes special management team in the urban community.The article also evaluated the roles of the model in blood glucose control,comprehensive management,contracted service with type 2 diabetic patients.This hierarchical referral system consisted of contracted general practitioner (GP),diabetes special clinic in health service center,joint diabetes clinic with hospital specialist,specialist service in tertiary hospital.This model would be an ideal approach for comprehensive management of type 2 diabetic patients in urban community.

OBJECTIVETo retrospectively compare combined endovascular intervension with traditional bypass operation for the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS).

METHODSFrom July 1989 to June 2001, 49 patients undergoing surgery for BCS were studied. 32 operations were performed by traditional bypass (from superior mesenteric vein or inferior vena cava to right auricle), and 17 by combined endovascular operation.

RESULTSThe data demonstrated a high incidence of perioperative complications, longer hospital stay, and expensive cost in the former group than in the latter group (P < 0.01). The mid-term effects were significantly better in the latter than in the former (P < 0.05). Severe complications occurred in the bypass group included hepatoencephalopathy, obtinacy ascites, cardiac dysfunction, and embolization of vascular grafts.

CONCLUSIONSCombined endovascular intervention and shunting are the treatment of choice for BCS, with different combination according to its clinical type. This approach is simple, safe, effective, and economic.

Adult ; Budd-Chiari Syndrome ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Mesenteric Veins ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Vena Cava, Inferior ; surgery