Low-level laser therapy(LLLT),a noninvasive photobiomodulation technique,employs red or near-infrared(NIR)light(600-1 000 nm)with power outputs ranging from 5 to 500 mW.It exerts therapeutic effects through molecular mechanisms,specifically the activation of cytochrome C oxidase(CCO)and the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways.By enhancing mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate(ATP)synthesis,LLLT mitigates oxidative stress,regulates the reactive oxygen species(ROS)/glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)/superoxide dismutase(SOD)axis,and activates key path-ways,including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)and mitogen-activated pro-tein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MAPK/ERK).These mechanisms confer antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and pro-regenerative properties to LLLT,making it a viable intervention for dermato-logical conditions,oncological therapies,and musculoskeletal disorders.Recent preclinical studies un-derscore LLLT's potential in male reproductive health.Specifically,it ameliorates cavernosal fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction in erectile dysfunction(ED)models by upregulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways.In the context of sperm biology,LLLT enhances motility and acrosomal integrity in both fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa.This is achieved through mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming,such as CCO-mediated electron transport chain activation,redox homeostasis restoration,and epigenetic modulation involving DNA methylation and histone acetylation.Additionally,LLLT alleviates scrotal heat-induced oligospermia by promoting seminiferous epithelial differentiation,elevating serum testoster-one levels,and suppressing lipid peroxidation.These findings highlight the translational potential of LLLT in regenerative medicine,particularly for male sexual and reproductive disorders.Future research efforts should focus on interdisciplinary collaborations spanning life sciences,engineering,and physics.The goal is to optimize laser parameters,including wavelength,irradiance,and treatment duration,and establish standardized protocols.Rigorous preclinical and clinical investigations are paramount to validate the safety,efficacy,and long-term outcomes of LLLT,ultimately paving the way for its integration into precision medicine frameworks for urological and reproductive therapies.

Objective:To conduct a scoping review of the current state of research on social alienation in stroke survivors, its influencing factors, and assessment tools, and to provide a theoretical basis as well as a reference for clinical prevention of social alienation in stroke survivors.Methods:A systematic search was conducted for relevant literatures on the factors affecting social alienation of stroke survivors in domestic and foreign databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Wanfang Database, etc, and the search period was established until April 29, 2024. After a rigorous assessment of quality, the pertinent literature was condensed and scrutinized.Results:A total of 11 literatures were included, with 9 Chinese literatures and 2 English literatures, the research instrument was based on the General Detachment Scale, involved 22 influencing factors of social alienation among stroke survivors.Conclusions:Stroke survivors lack specific assessment tools for social alienation. In the future, localized and specific assessment tools should be developed, and targeted intervention measures should be formulated based on the influencing factors related to the social alienation of stroke survivors to improve their social alienation.

Low-level laser therapy(LLLT),a noninvasive photobiomodulation technique,employs red or near-infrared(NIR)light(600-1 000 nm)with power outputs ranging from 5 to 500 mW.It exerts therapeutic effects through molecular mechanisms,specifically the activation of cytochrome C oxidase(CCO)and the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways.By enhancing mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate(ATP)synthesis,LLLT mitigates oxidative stress,regulates the reactive oxygen species(ROS)/glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)/superoxide dismutase(SOD)axis,and activates key path-ways,including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)and mitogen-activated pro-tein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MAPK/ERK).These mechanisms confer antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and pro-regenerative properties to LLLT,making it a viable intervention for dermato-logical conditions,oncological therapies,and musculoskeletal disorders.Recent preclinical studies un-derscore LLLT's potential in male reproductive health.Specifically,it ameliorates cavernosal fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction in erectile dysfunction(ED)models by upregulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways.In the context of sperm biology,LLLT enhances motility and acrosomal integrity in both fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa.This is achieved through mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming,such as CCO-mediated electron transport chain activation,redox homeostasis restoration,and epigenetic modulation involving DNA methylation and histone acetylation.Additionally,LLLT alleviates scrotal heat-induced oligospermia by promoting seminiferous epithelial differentiation,elevating serum testoster-one levels,and suppressing lipid peroxidation.These findings highlight the translational potential of LLLT in regenerative medicine,particularly for male sexual and reproductive disorders.Future research efforts should focus on interdisciplinary collaborations spanning life sciences,engineering,and physics.The goal is to optimize laser parameters,including wavelength,irradiance,and treatment duration,and establish standardized protocols.Rigorous preclinical and clinical investigations are paramount to validate the safety,efficacy,and long-term outcomes of LLLT,ultimately paving the way for its integration into precision medicine frameworks for urological and reproductive therapies.

Objective:To conduct a scoping review of the current state of research on social alienation in stroke survivors, its influencing factors, and assessment tools, and to provide a theoretical basis as well as a reference for clinical prevention of social alienation in stroke survivors.Methods:A systematic search was conducted for relevant literatures on the factors affecting social alienation of stroke survivors in domestic and foreign databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Wanfang Database, etc, and the search period was established until April 29, 2024. After a rigorous assessment of quality, the pertinent literature was condensed and scrutinized.Results:A total of 11 literatures were included, with 9 Chinese literatures and 2 English literatures, the research instrument was based on the General Detachment Scale, involved 22 influencing factors of social alienation among stroke survivors.Conclusions:Stroke survivors lack specific assessment tools for social alienation. In the future, localized and specific assessment tools should be developed, and targeted intervention measures should be formulated based on the influencing factors related to the social alienation of stroke survivors to improve their social alienation.

This article reviewed the research status, application forms and specific implementation steps of multi-component exercise, and the application of multi-component exercise in elderly patients with sarcopenia. This article analyzed the necessity of multi-component exercise, the insufficiency and prospect of multi-component exercise in elderly patients with sarcopenia, and provides certain reference significance for medical personnel to carry out multi-component exercise intervention in elderly patients with sarcopenia in China.

Objective:To study the feasibility of transplantation of normal rat penile corpus cavernosum and major pelvic ganglion (MPG)into the renal subserous region of a Nu /Nu mouse based on allograft technology.Methods:Penile corpus cavernosum and MPG,harvested from Sprague-Dawley (SD)rats under sterile condition,were transplanted underneath the kidney capsule of Nu /Nu mice through the mi-crosurgery instruments and surgery microscope.The histopathologic changes and cellular proliferation in the transplanted penile corpus cavernosum and MPG were then analyzed at the end of 1week and 4 weeks after transplantation.Histological staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate the main outcome measures.Results:After 1 week,the tissue morphology of the transplanted corpus caverno-sum underneath the kidney capsule of Nu /Nu mice was consistent with normal penile corpus cavernosum, and blood could be observed in the penis cavernous sinus of the graft;after 4 weeks,the mophorlogy of the tranplanted corpus cavernosum near the kidney was consistent with normal penile corpus cavernosum, while fibrosis was noteworthy in the graft away from the kidney,but blood could still be seen in the penis cavernous sinus.After 1 week,the tissue morphology of the transplanted MPG was consistent with normal MPG,multiple islet-like cell clusters could be seen in the transplanted MPG in the renal subserous re-gion,and angiogenesis could be observed near the kidney;after 4 weeks,a network of blood vessels was clearly visible away from the kidney,and islet-like cell clusters were still clearly observed in the trans-planted MPG.In addition,ki67 positive cells were observed in the transplanted penile corpus cavernosum and MPG after 4 weeks of transplantation,which indicated that there was still cell proliferation activity in the grafts.Conclusion:The transplanted corpus cavernosum and MPG underneath the kidney capsule of Nu /Nu mice could survive at least 4 weeks.Moreover,the inner structure of the transplanted corpus ca-vernosum and MPG was close to the normal tissue.The underlining mechanism may be related to the lo-cal microenvironment underneath the kidney capsule of Nu /Nu mice and the neovascularization in the transplanted grafts.